Задание №109 по англ.яз. Глебовский 07

дополнительный; достаточный; минимальный; большинство; одинаковый; перпендикулярный; в конце концов; критический, решающий; поперечный; значительный; сплошной, неразрезной; относительно;

этот; чем; таким образом; как, в качестве; оба; иногда; когда; какой-то; первый; по мере того как.

Упражнение 3. Переведите данные существительные и образуйте с их помощью группы существительных, характерные для строительной терминологии. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1.A minimum width for the footing is determined by the wall thickness, the footing usually being made wider than the wall.

2.High level of sound absorption being required, porous material was used.

3.All the necessary materials being easily available, construction work in cast-in-place concrete started almost immediately.

4.Concrete elements can be precast on site, crane being used in order to lift them into their final position.

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5.Deep foundation elements being placed under the columns, the walls are used in order to span from column to column.

6.The walls having been constructed, the workers left the site.

7.The horizontal forces must equal each other, there not being too much thrust either to the right or to the left.

8.A basement being required, foundation walls are quite high.

9.In order to produce compressive prestress the concrete member was placed between

two abut­ments, pressure being applied with the jacks.

10.Structural carbon steel being cheap and convenient to use, it is the most important class of steel for the construction industry.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на причастия I и II. Определите функцию причастий.

1.A property associated with concrete is shrinkage, which is the permanent contraction of concrete caused by loss of water after it hardens.

2.Plastics are widely used in construction having high strength to weight ratio and resistance to corrosion.

3.The total curing period is extremely long, that is, there is a steady gain in properties over time.

4.Form costs are much less with the concrete precast be­cause the forms do not have to be supported.

5.Wood has a cellular structure looking like a number of tubes lain in the direction of the grain.

6.More water, more sand and less coarse aggregate, especially rounded coarse aggregate, make the mix more fluid but all these factors make the hardened concrete have more shrinkage and creep, and less durability.

7.Some materials, including concrete, continue to deform although there is no increase in load.

8.Having used toughened glass the designers overcame the typical drawbacks of this material.

9.The limiting strain depends on the level of stress.

10.The designer’s organization prepares plans consisting of drawings which show how the finished construction will look.

Текст B

The design of a symmetrical wall footing is done as follows:

1. Footing width is determined by the soil pressure limit, considering that the minimum width required for construc­tion is not adequate for bearing. The usual design technique is to estimate a required footing thickness, find the width required for this footing thickness, check the footing stresses in order to assure the adequate thickness.

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2.Since the reinforcing is not cheap, while concrete poured into a hole in the ground is relatively cheap, the footing thickness is usually not critical to compressive strength of the concrete. A thick­ness is selected that is adequate which means that it elimi­nates the need for shear reinforcing and minimizes the percentage of tensile reinforcing. The minimum footing is also necessary so as to place dowels for the wall reinforcing.

3.A reasonable minimum value is a steel area of 0.0015 times the gross concrete area, which is the minimum reinforcement required in a horizontal direction in walls. The distance of the reinforcing from the edges of the footing, which is called cover, must be a minimum of 3 in. if the edge is not formed and 2 in. if the edge is formed. Reinforcing bars are usually of a low grade of steel, often the lowest grade available.

Notes:

gross area площадь брутто percentage n. величина (в процентах) pressure limit предел давления

shear reinforcing армирование для восприятия напряжений сдвига (среза) tensile reinforcing армирование для восприятия напряжений растяжения

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How is footing width determined?

2.What is the design technique used for that?

3.Why is the footing thickness usually not critical to compressive strength of the concrete?

4.What does adequate thick­ness mean?

5.How large should the cover be?

6.What grade of steel is usually used for reinforcing bars?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте причастия II. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте причастия I. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

dowel (n.), symmetrical (adj.), minimize (v.), technique (n.), need (n.), cover (n.), esti­mate (v.), check (v.).

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Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

need n. - need v. minimum adj. - minimize v. project n. - project v.

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Урок 2.4

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[rqV]; ["mAltI'stLrI]; ['estImIt]; [Ik'stIqrIq]; [lqV'keISqn]; ["pPsI'bIlItI]; [rI'leISqnSIp]; ['preSq]; [bI'twJn]; [Ig'nL]; [skweq]; ['tqVtl]; ['kIlqgrxm];

Текст A

COLUMNS IN WALLS

A common problem in the design of building foundations is a foundation wall that must share its location with a row of columns. This takes place along the exterior walls of buildings with frame struc­tures. When loads are transferred to the ground there are various possibilities for the relationships between the columns, the wall, and the foundation elements. The column loads may be light, as in the case of a one-storey building with light construction and short spans or the column loads may be large, as in the case of a multi-storey building.

Type of Foundation. If the foundation consists of deep elements, either piers or groups of piles, the wall is usually designed as a spanning element of one type or another. When the foundation is of the shallow bearing type, there may be several possibilities for the column/wall/footing relationships.

EXAMPLE (see fig. 2)

Allowable soil pressure: 3000 psf (150 kPa). Concrete design strength: 3000 psi (21 MPa).

Allowable tension on reinforcing: 20,000 psi (140 MPa). 22

FIGURE 2

Considering the wall by itself and ignoring the columns, the minimum wall footing according to our estimates is 11in. thick, 42in. wide. Thus, if we want to ignore the spanning potential of the wall, this would be the required footing for the wall between the column footings. For the column, if it were freestanding and not in the line of the wall, the required square footing would be 6ft2, 16in. thick. However, in this case even if it is decided to use a square footing, it would need to be larger, since it also supports part of the wall. And the larger it is, the more of the wall it supports. If we increase its size to 8ft2, the total load on the footing will be the column load of 100 k plus 8ft of the wall load at 10 k/ft, or a total load of 180 k.

Notes:

freestanding adj. свободностоящий ignore v. не принимать в расчёт

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What kind of a foundation wall is a common problem in the design of building foundations?

2.Where does this problem occur?

3.When are column loads light?

4.When are column loads large?

5.When is usually the wall designed as a spanning element?

6.How is the total footing load estimated in the example?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

estimate (n.), row (n.), multi-storey (adj.), exterior (adj.).

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Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

группа; случай; пролёт; этаж; возможность; каркасная конструкция; часть; местоположение; потенциал; натяжения;

состоять из; передавать; происходить; требовать; решать; нуждаться; поддерживать; увеличивать; соединять; делить; проектировать;

другой; глубокий; лёгкий; неглубокий; несколько; различный; обычный; допустимый; общий; широкий;

в качестве; между; вдоль; сам по себе; согласно; таким образом; однако; так как; также; как .

Упражнение 3. Перечислите термины, характеризующие фундаменты: их типы, свойства и особенности, которые описаны в уроках 2.1 -2.4. Дайте их перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие сокращения:

°C; ft2; in2; kPa; lb; psi; °F; k; MPa; psf.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.

1.The stiff wall then is bearing not on its own footing but has tendency to span between the larger footings.

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2.It becomes necessary to utilize the resistance of lower soil strata.

3.Concrete must be allowed to cure.

4.To overcome GRP flexibility is the purpose of double skin panels.

5.Wood is a very good material to cut and work.

6.GRP will creep, that is it will continue to deflect, if there is a permanent load on it.

7.When it is decided to build a structure an architect is asked to design the building project.

8.The materials to be selected by the builder will function under different conditions.

9.It is difficult to concrete a thin wall because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form.

10.The decision to use deep foundations should be done by building designers.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сравнительный оборот the … the … .

1.The shorter the route taken by a load to its foundations and the fewer the elements involved in so doing, the greater the economy of the structure.

2.The larger a square footing is, the more of the wall it supports.

3.The more the compressive force is the shorter a rubber band subjected to it becomes.

4.The higher thermal conductivity of the material is the lower is the rate of heat movement which takes place by conduction through any solid object that separates areas of different tempera­tures.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения.

1.If beams which support a roof can’t withstand loads that they have to carry they will break.

2.If the beam itself didn’t have sufficient strength to counterbalance the weight it support from above it would fail.

3.It would become necessary to utilize the resistance of lower soil strata if the soil at the bottom of the building were not adequate for the load transfers.

4.If a force remains constant, the actual unit stress will change with the change of the cross section.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на причастия I и II. Определите функцию причастий.

1.While choosing the type of foundation for a building, designers should consider the soil structure on the site.

2.Applying a film or coating to a fabric we can improve its properties.

3.Significantly reduced cost of cast-in-place concrete was achieved by the constant re-use of formwork.

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4.Tendons placed along the centroidal axis are rare.

5.When applied to the beam, loads produce both tensile and compressive stresses at the middle of the span.

6.Welding the steel members the builders made the connection strong.

7.The materials used allowed minimum work on the site.

8.Materials having very low density are used for thermal insulation.

Текст B

USE OF PEDESTALS

There are many cases in which a short compression element, called a pedestal, is used as a transition between a footing and some supported element. Some of the purposes for pedestals are the following:

∙If the bearing area on the top of the footing is widened, the pedestal will achieve a reduction in the shear and bending stresses in the footing, permitting the use of a thinner footing.

∙To permit the use of a lower-strength concrete in the footing, it may be possible to use a pedestal with a strength that is transitional between the column and the footing.

∙The use of a pedestal may allow the doweling of large column-reinforcing bars within the pedestal height. The pedestal reinforcing may then be done with bars.

∙When the bottom of the footing must be some distance below the ground

surface, a pedestal may be used in order to keep vulnerable elements above ground.

Pedestals of masonry or concrete are essentially short columns. When carrying major loads, they should be designed as reinforced columns with required vertical reinforcement, ties, and dowels. When loads are light and the pedestal height is less than three times the thickness, however, they may be designed as unreinforced elements. If built of hollow masonry units (concrete blocks, etc.) they should have the voids completely filled with concrete.

Notes:

bearing area опорная поверхность, опорная площадь bending stress напряжение при изгибе

pedestal n. подколонник

reduction n. снижение, уменьшение, ослабление transitional adj. переходный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What kind of element a pedestal is?

2.What is it used for?

3.What are the reasons for the use of pedestals?

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4.How should pedestals be designed when carrying major loads?

5.How should they be designed when loads are light?

6.When should pedestals have the voids filled with concrete?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте инфинитивы. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте причастия I и II. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

hollow (adj.), the following (n.), vulnerable (adj.), essentially (adv.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

equal - equally - equalize follow - as follows - the following

Текст C

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

In most cases deep foundations are utilized only where it is not possible to have shallow foundations. The decision to use deep foundations, the selection of the type of system, and the design of the elements of the system should all be done by building

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designers with considerable knowledge and experi­ence in foundation design, including knowledge of the types of systems, their capabilities and drawbacks, and some of the problems connected with the use of such systems for building foundations.

Need for deep foundations

The most common reasons for the use of deep foundations are the following:

1.Lack of Adequate Soil Conditions for Bearing Footings. There are a number of soil conditions that may make the usual bearing foundation elements near the bottom of the building not possible. The deep foundation thus is used essentially in order to reach a desirable bearing level at some distance from the bottom of the building.

2.Heavy Loads on the Foundations. In some cases the soil at upper levels may be sufficient for the use of bearing elements for relatively light loads, but the size of footings required, the need for limited settlement, or other factors occurring with

extremely heavy loads, may require a deep foundation. High-rise buildings, long-span structures, and construction of massive elements of concrete or masonry are cases in which loads may become considerable and may be above the simple bearing capabilities of ordinary soils.

3. Instability of Ground-Level Soil. Use of deep foundations may be necessary where soil at the level of the bottom of the building is subject to some forms of change in the soil structure or the general state of the soil mass. This situation sometimes occurs at waterfront and hillside locations. In these cases the use of deep foundations is necessary in order to anchor the building to a more reliable, stable ground mass.

4. Support of Structures Sensitive to Settlement. In some situations, settlement of foundations is highly critical. Examples are buildings with stiff rigid frame structures and buildings housing equipment that requires precise and continuous alignment. Bearing foundations will settle on almost any soil other than solid bedrock. Deep foundations tend to have little settlement, especially when the elements are bearing on rock or on a highly consolidated soil stratum.

Deep foundations are usually used only in situations in which shallow footings are not possible. The primary reason is cost. Where ordinary footings can be used and their size is not excessive, the cost of deep foundations will rarely be competitive. If footings are possible but their size is excessive—it may be necessary to perform a cost analysis of alternatives. Such an analysis will usually require relatively complete designs of the alternate systems and can be difficult when the alternate foundation systems require significant differences in the building structure.

Foundation design and construction practices are often influenced by the location of a building. This may be partly because of the local climate and soil conditions. Where there is some history of construction in the area, however, it may also be due to local experience with particular foundation systems or construction techniques.

Most deep foundation elements—piles or piers—are constructed by special foundation contractors.

Notes:

alignment n. выравнивание consolidate v. укреплять history n. история

sensitive adj. восприимчивый waterfront n. береговая линия

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What kind of knowledge and experi­ence should a building designer possess to use deep foundations?

2.What are the most common reasons for the use of deep foundations?

3.What are the typical structures requiring deep foundations?

4.Why are deep foundations used in situations in which shallow footings are not possible?

5.When is a cost analysis of alternatives necessary?

6.What will such an analysis usually require?

7.Why is foundation design and construction practices often influenced by the location of a building?

8.Who are deep foundation elements constructed by?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите те их перевод в списке В.

Урок 2.5

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[q'reInGmqnt]; ['fleksIbql]; ["Instq'leISqn]; ['fJCq]; ['sAbsIkwqnt];

["mPdIfI'keISqn]; ['leIaVt]; ['strAkCqrql]; ['klxdIN]; [prq'tekSqn]; ['sWvIsIz];

[pR'tISqn]; [kqm'pqVz]; [spI'sIfIk]

Текст A

STEEL-FRAMED BUILDING

In order to explain the various features which enable the design of a multi-storey steel-framed building to make full use of the constructional material, it is necessary to start with the properties of the supporting structural system itself. The main constructional work, the cladding and the services should correspond to this.

The basic components of a steel structure are steel sections. These include thinwalled slender elements which possess high load-bearing capacity having at the same time small overall dimensions and low weight. The system that performs the load-bearing function — the structural steel frame — is assembled from these relatively slender steel members. The frame is thus a skeleton which does not have a space-enclosing function to perform, although it does provide support for such space-enclosing elements as floors, walls and partitions.

The steelwork is usually prefabricated in a factory, structural steelwork mass production techniques being favourable.

The successful use of the favourable properties of structural steelwork can be more efficiently achieved if the space-enclosing system is designed so that it is:

∙composed of prefabricated units which ensure that the particular speed of erection of structural steelwork results in a short overall construction time;

∙light, so that the overall weight of the building is minimized;

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∙adaptable to flexible internal layout of the floor space in the steel-framed building and to modification of its components;

∙suitable for the specific properties and features of the structural steel frame;

∙economical from the point of view of fire protection.

The open arrangement of the structural steel frame enables the installation and subsequent modification of services and equipment in both the vertical and horizontal directions.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.Why is it necessary to know the properties of the supporting structural system?

2.What are the basic components of a steel structure?

3.What kind of elements are they?

4.What is assembled from these members?

5.What is the function the structural steel frame performs?

6.What is the one it does not?

7.Which production techniques are favourable for structural steelwork?

8.What are the requirements to the space-enclosing system?

9.What does the open arrangement of the structural steel frame enable?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

structural steelwork, partition (n.), feature (n.), layout (n.), structural steel frame, services (n.), modification (n.), flexible (adj.), fire protection, com­pose (v.), arrangement (n.), steel-framed building, installation (n.), assemble (v.), space-enclosing, cladding (n.), subsequent (adj.), frame (n.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

приводить к, позволять, легко приспосабливаемый, соответствовать, точка зрения, свободный, тот же самый, гарантировать, эффективно, технология, сборный, обеспечивать, хотя, общий, стальные конструкции, тонкий, обладать, характерный, успешный, скорость.

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Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с особенностями и свойствами стальных несущих конструкций. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения с объектным инфинитивным оборотом.

1.The frame does not have a space-enclosing function to perform, although it provides support for walls, floors and partitions.

2.The various features enable the design of a multi-storey building to make full use of the constructional material.

3.The system showed the structural steel frame to perform the load-bearing function.

4.The design includes thin-walled slender elements to possess high load-bearing capacity.

5.They expected the space-enclosing system to be designed successfully.

6.We want load-bearing structures to be slender.

7.The soil not being adequate caused the designers to use piles for foundation.

8.The builders rely (полагаться на, рассчитывать на) on construction joints to reduce the effects of shrinkage.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите форму и функцию инфинитива.

1.The usual design technique is to estimate a required footing thickness.

2.Walls are used to span from column to column.

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3.To fix wood is not difficult if we use nails, screws, bolts, etc.

4.The pedestal reinforcing may be done with smaller bars.

5.The building material to be used should be porous.

6.Materials have to function under different conditions.

7.The high-rise buildings are to be constructed as very rigid tubes.

8.All buildings have to be stiff for resistance to loads.

9.The structure to be built will be a steel-framed one.

10.It is necessary to start with the properties of the supporting structural system.

Упражнение 3. Задайте пять общих вопросов к тексту А.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1.Construction joints provided, the effects of shrinkage can be reduced.

2.Cast-in-place concrete requires much time before the removal of the formwork, the concrete having to gain sufficient strength before it can support itself.

3.Carbon steels are cheap and convenient to use, the class including steels which have not more than 0.25 % carbon.

4.The design having been approved (одобрять) the construction began.

5.The dimensional stability of a coated fabric depends mainly on the fibre, the light transmission depending mainly on the coating in use.

6.Glass having low thermal conductivity, significant temperature dif­ferences can be found within any glass in general use.

Текст B

BRACING

All buildings have to be stiffened for resistance to wind loads, but in certain parts of the world they have to be given additional bracing so as to withstand earthquake and other horizontal forces.

The decision on the adequate method of bracing affects:

Use of building Stiffening with the help of lattice bracing results in fixed points in the building thus restricting the possibilities of internal layout and arrangement of the circulation system. The methods of stiffening and their arrangement within the structure are of major importance for the design.

Economy A building can be stiffened by means of steel bracing or by concrete walls or cores. Cores are heavy, require more elaborate foundations, and, for tall buildings, have to be constructed with thicker walls and more reinforcement than necessary for the fire protection of the services. Vertical steel bracing is therefore usually the less expensive solution, especially when arranged in large bays or panels.

Effect on appearance If the bracing is placed in the external walls of the building and takes the form of rigid frames or systems with externally exposed diagonal members

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Урок 2.6

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[beI]; ['kxvItI]; ['JlPNgeItId]; ['GANkSqn]; ["Intq'sekt]; ['grIlIG]; ["In'sItjH];

[GOIn]; [kqm'praIz]; [dI'stINgwIS]; ['wPfql]; ['nxrqV]; ['sWtn]; [vjH]

Текст A

FLOOR STRUCTURE IN STEEL-FRAMED BUILDINGS

A multi-storey building comprises a number of floors which are erected one above the other and which, in a framed structure, are supported at certain specific points. The vertical and horizontal forces acting upon the framework are transmitted to the foundations.

From the structural point of view, a floor in a framed building consists of a number of floor bays. The following shapes on plan may be distinguished:

Square concrete slab The simplest type of construction is the solid concrete slab. With long spans, such slabs tend to be very thick and heavy. To reduce weight, the slab may be formed with internal cavities or composed of a system of one-way or two-way ribs joined together by a relatively thin top layer of concrete, the latter being described as a waffle slab. The load transmission conditions being approximately the same in both directions, a planning grid with a square mesh is often adopted, this being typical of insitu concrete construction.

Rectangular floor bay The structural steel floor comprises the floor slab and the beams that support it. It is characteristic of steel-framed buildings that the floor beams transmit the loads in one direction only and that the floor slabs are generally supported, on two sides. To construct a grillage for equal load transmission in both directions involves considerable effort in structural steelwork, as it is necessary to cut the intersecting beams at every junction and connect them again in a manner suitable to transmit the loads.

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In general, the weight of the slab should be as low as possible. To achieve this, the supporting beams must be quite closely spaced, so that the actual slab spans only short distances. The typical component of the floor structure of a steel-framed building is the narrow elongated floor bay. The span of the floor beams is generally between 6.00 and 20.00 m, while the width of the bays varies from 1.50 to 3.00 m.

Notes:

again adv. снова

waffle slab железобетонная плита с перекрёстными рёбрами

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What does a multi-storey building comprise?

2.Where are floors supported?

3.What kinds of forces are transmitted to the foundations?

4.What is the simplest floor shape?

5.How can the weight of the floor slab be reduced?

6.What is typical of in-situ-concrete construction?

7.What does the structural steel floor comprise?

8.Why does construction of a grillage for equal load transmission in both directions involve considerable effort?

9.How can low weight of the slab be achieved?

10.What are the general dimensions of an elongated floor bay?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

grillage (n.), junction (n.), intersect (v.), two-way (adj.), elongated (adj.), in-situ (adj.), planning grid, join (v.), space (v.), cavity (n.), framework (n.), one-way (adj.), rib (n.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

пролёт, передача, типичный, метр, в то время как, как можно ниже, балка, приблизительно, обычно (2), перекрытие, от … до …, горизонтальный, стальная несущая конструкция , один над другим, последний (из перечисленных), выбирать, выделять, характерный, включать, вместе, многоэтажное здание, толстый, значительный.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией перекрытий. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

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