Angl_yaz_128Glebovsky_13_1

7.There would be several disadvantages in trying to steer a car by its rear wheels, the main one being that the car would be directionally unstable.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст В

ELECTRIC CARS

An electric car is powered by an electric motor instead of a gasoline engine.The electric motorgets energyfrom a controller, which regulatesthe amount of power – based on the driver’s use of an accelerator pedal. The electric car (EV) uses energy stored in its rechargeable batteries, which are recharged.

Unlikeahybridcar–whichisfueledbygasolineanduses a batteryand motor to improve efficiency – an electric car is powered only by electricity. EVs have not been widely adopted because of limited driving range before needing to be recharged, long recharging times. As battery technology improves – simultaneously increasing energy storage and reducing cost – major automakers are expected to begin introducing a new generation of electric cars.

Electric cars produce no tailpipe emissions, reduce our dependency on oil, and are cheaper to operate.

Anotherfactorisconvenience:chargingupathomemeans nevergoing toagas stationandelectriccars requirealmostnoneof themaintenance, like oil changes and emissions checks, that internal combustion cars require.

BMWis workingona smallelectric carthat couldlaunchin 2012.The Megacity is a three-door four-seat hatchback coupe. The car will have a projected range of 100 miles.

China’s BYD is planning to produce the E6 all-electric crossover. The E6 is a five-passenger wagon. Moreover, the E6 has a range of 200 to 250 milesandboastsa0to60mphtimeoflessthan10seconds.Topspeedis100 mph. The vehicle can be fully charged in about 10 hours by plugging into a

standardhouseholdoutlet.BYDsaysthatittakesonly10minutestochargeto 50percentcapacityand15minutestothe80percentlevel.

Notes:

1.How does an electric car work?

2.What is the difference between EVs and hybrid cars?

3.Why have EVs not been widely adopted?

4.What advantages do EVs have?

5.What is China‘s E6 special for?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте предложение с инфинитивной конструкцией Complex Subject и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 2.Найдитевтекстеинфинитивы.Определитеихфункцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, вкотором оно использовано в тексте.

automaker(n.),boast(v.),coupe(n.), crossover(n.), dependency(n.),expect (v.), hatchback (n.), moreover (adv.), none (pron.), percent (n.), (station) wagon, storage (n.), tailpipe (n.), unlike (prep.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

alter v. – alternative n. – alternator n. consume v. – consumption n.

Урок 3.8

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

FIAT’S MULTIAIRVALVE-LIFT SYSTEM

Surginggas prices are causingautomakers to look forways to increase the efficiency of gasoline engines. One of the main inefficiencies of these engines is the restriction that’s created by the throttle plate in the intake passage, which is used to regulate how much air feeds the cylinders. This bottleneck caused by a partly open throttle forces an engine to squander about 10 percent of energy that could otherwise be used for propulsion.

BMW,Nissan/Infiniti,andFiathaveovercomemuchofthesepumping losses by throttlingtheir engines via the intake valves – varying their lift and

theamountoftimethevalvesareopentocontroltheengine.BMWwasfirst, withitsValvetronictechnology.It’s acomplexsystemthatusesan additional electronically actuated camshaft to vary valve lift.

The advantage of Fiat’s “Multiair” system is its simplicity; it achieves what Valvetronic does by using hydraulic fluid running through narrow passages connecting the intake valves and the camshaft so the two can be decoupled.Thissystemismodulatedbyanelectronicallycontrolledsolenoid, and there are effectively two modes: When the solenoid is closed, the incompressiblehydraulic fluid transmits the intake-camlobe’s motiontothe valve, as in a traditional engine. When the solenoid is open, the oil bypasses thepassage,decouplingthevalve,whichthenclosesconventionallyviaspring pressure.Forexample,toshutthevalvesearly,asinapart-loadsituation,the solenoid would be closed initially and then open partly through the intake cycle.Thedifficultproblemiscorrectlytimingtheswitchingof thesolenoid, and Fiat has optimized the responsiveness of the electronic controls.

The intake-cam lobe acts on a finger follower which actuates a piston that pushes oil into the valve assembly, the latter having a piston, a lash adjuster and a hydraulic brake.

In addition to the fuel-economy and emissions benefits, Fiat claims Multiair can also enable a 10-percent horsepower boost. This technology will go into production in Europe later this year on a 1.4-liter turbo and will also be used on naturally aspirated engines as it spreads throughout Fiat’s lineup.

Notes:

Ответьтенавопросыктексту

1.What is one of the chief inefficiencies of gasoline engine?

2.What is this bottleneck caused by?

3.How do BMW, Nissan and Fiat solve the problem?

4.What does Valvetronic technology use?

5.How does Fiat’s “Multiair” system work?

6.What benefits does “Multiair” provide?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

naturally aspirated (adj.), cam lobe, claim (v.), decouple (v.), economy (n.), horsepower (n.), inefficiency (n.), the latter (adj.), lineup (n.), look for (v.), multi- (prefix), naturally (adv.), price (n.), responsiveness (n.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

безнаддувный; в противном случае; возрастать, расти; выступ кулачка; главный, основной; естественно; жидкость; изменять(ся); искать; как; мощность в лошадиных силах; недостаток; несжимаемый; обычным образом; повсюду, везде; повышение, усиление; подъём, поднятие; последний (из перечисленных); потеря; препятствие; приводить в действие; разъединять, отсоединять; распределительный вал; режим; решать (проблему); серия, линейка; синхронизация; сложный, комплексный;толкать;узкий;утверждать,заявлять;цена;частично;через.

Упражнение 3. Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы ссуффиксом-ing.Определите,какойчастьюречиониявляются, и какую функцию выполняют в предложении.

1.Surging gas prices cause automakers to look for ways to increase the efficiency of gasoline engines.

2.This diagnostic system uses a check engine warning lamp in the combination meter which is capable of warning the driver.

3.Manufacturers have put into practice various solutions to mitigate the annoying tug of the steering wheel.

4.Being electrical solenoids fuel injectors are arranged in the intake manifold behind each intake valve and operated by the ECU.

5.The energy is released by the spring resuming its normal state.

6.Spark-ignitedfuelburnsunevenlyacross thecylinder, radiatingoutward from the plug as a wave.

7.Charging up at home means never going to a gas station.

8.Steer-by-wirevehicles transferthe rotationofthe steeringwheeltofront wheel movement by using sensors.

9.The vehicle can be fully charged in about 10 hours by plugging into a standard household outlet.

10.The sensor works by measuring light from an LED, which is shining through holes.

Упражнение 2. Определите, от каких слов образованы приведённые ниже слова с отрицательными приставками. Переведите их и те слова, от которых они образованы.

Упражнение3.Прочитайтеипереведитеследующиесловосочетания с числительными.

1.4-liter turbo, 90°, at 70 mph, 750-1150 rpm, air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1, 3.7 and 4.2 liter petrol engine, 12 volt battery, in 1672, 50 percent capacity, 21°C temperature, 150 pound-feet, the 2002 A6 2.8, 1.5-inch-wide chain, a 42 V supply, power output of about 1000 W, C02 emission, a 50 mm torsion bar, about 300 ms, 35 GHz, 40 km/h, 8 km/h/s, 450 mV, 232°C (450° F)

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст В

ZF’S 8-SPEEDAUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

Theeight-speedtransmissionisnotnewtotheautomotiveworld.Toyota has had one in its Lexus LS and IS F sedans for a few years. But now, transmission giant ZF is bringing eight speeds to the masses with promises of improved fuel economy.

It’s known as the 8HPand this transmission offers different options for automakers. It is already in the BMW 760Li and 5-series GT.

Four planetary gear sets combine for eight gears in all. These gear sets are engaged and disengaged by five shifting elements. Toyota’s eight-speed gearbox also has four planetary gearsets, but it uses seven shifting elements to create eight ratios – the ZF is a simpler design.

8HP is not a single transmission but rather one transmission case with various internal options. It is designed for longitudinal applications. It can besetupforrear-orall-wheeldriveandfacilitateshybridizationbyproviding theoptionof swappingtheconventionaltorque converterfor a47-hp electric motor, increasing fuel economy by a claimed 25 percent when compared with ZF’s old six-speed (6HP).

A third coupling device is available for the most-performance-driven applications:awetmultiplateclutchpackdevelopedbyZF,whichiscurrently found in the Mercedes-Benz E63 and SL63.

ZFdesignedthe8HPtoreplacethe6HPand,indoingso,madethenew transmission identical not only in dimension but also in weight. This is an important consideration, as the six-speed is widely employed in the luxurysport ranks.

ZF says the 8HPis six percent more efficient than the sixer and nearly as efficient as a dual-clutch automated manual, which ZF also produces. Moreover,theeight-speedisroughly20percentcheaperandhasthesmooth, torque-converter starts.

Notes:

giant [] n. гигант

hybridization [] n. гибридизация, скрещивание swap [] v. заменять

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is new about ZF’s 8-Speed Automatic Transmission?

2.What does the 8 HP feature?

3.Where can it be used?

4.Where is the 8 HP employed?

5.How does the 8 HP compare to the 6HP?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте слова с суффиксом -ing. Определите, какой частью речи они являются, и какую функцию выполняют в предложении. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите втексте сказуемые в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте сравнительный оборот as… as… и переведите его на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова исловосочетания.ЕслиВынезнаетеслово,найдитееговсловаре.Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

automated(adj.),automotive(adj.),dual(adj.),find(v.),hp,LED,luxury(n., adj.), multiplate clutch, offer (v.), old (adj.), option (n.), pack (n.), promise (n.), sedan (n.), world (n.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 1. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 2. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

economy n. – economical adj. option n. – optional adj.

Текст C

THE ROLE OFCOOLINGWATERAND LUBRICATINGOIL TEMPERATURES ONTRANSIENT EMISSIONS DURINGSI ENGINEWARM-UP

City driving mainly consists of a succession of relatively short trips when the engine operates well below its fully warmed-up optimum fuel consumption andemissions levels.Ata 21°C ambienttemperature it takesat least10milesbeforethefuelconsumptioniswithin15%ofthefullywarmedup fuel value. Many city driving journeys are shorter than this and result in considerable excess fuel consumption and pollution. To achieve improved

cold start performance requires close attention to the utilisation of the heat rejectedbythecombustionprocesstotheengineheatsinks.Theheatrejected bythecombustion processisdominatedbythe exhaustheat.The majorityof heatrejectedintothecoolingwatercomesfromthecylinderheadandexhaust port area, and more efficient ways of cooling jacket design in this area can improve the warm up rate of the cooling water.

Heatingof thelubricatingoil is moreindirectthanthatofthewaterand has been shown to be the slowest part of the engine warm up process. This canstronglyinfluencetheenginefrictionlossesandhencethetransientSFC. However, the lubricating oil temperature also influences the hydrocarbon emissions through the lubricating oil absorption mechanism, which is a functionofthelubricatingoiltemperature.Evidenceforthiswillbepresented in the present work.

Theemissionsduringthewarm-upperiodareofconcernfromapollution viewpointandtheyalsorepresentasignificantcombustioninefficiencywhich contributes directly to the poor SFC during the warm-up. The unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), CO and NOx emissions have a strong dependence on time during the warm up period and are not at the fully warmed up value by the time the water was at 90°C.

The rate of heating of the coolant, lubricating oil, cylinder metal temperature and the associated exhausttemperatures and emissions are very difficult to predict. Few measurements of the transient warm-up of engines have been published and the objective of the present work was to provide more information on the processes that influence the warm-up and the associatedemissions. Marshalluseda techniqueofstartingan engineup toa set load and speed and determining the transient change in the coolant temperatures. Theyalso developed a model to correlate thetransient heating results for a given engine. Similar test techniques were used in the present work with special emphasis on the exhaust emissions, as they reflect the changes in the combustion process during the warm-up period.

A Ford Valencia engine was tested with a sudden start-up to a fixed speed and load and the coolant, lubricating oil and exhaust emissions were monitored as a function of time.Tests with waterand lubricating oil initially at ambient temperatures were compared with tests with the water externally heated and cold lubricating oil, and with cold water and hot lubricating oil. Theresultsshowedthat there wasstill asignificanttransientdevelopment of the emissions when the cooling water was hot before to the start up, but that

when the lubricatingoil was hotthere was little transient change in theUHC emissions. The three comparative results demonstrated that the warm-up process was dominated by the slow warm up of the lubricating oil which determined the time taken to achieve the minimum SFCand the reduction in theUHC emissions.The warmupofthewaterhadaninfluenceon theinitial development of the combustion efficiency and the NOx emissions.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How does city driving influence fuel consumption and emissions levels?

2.What is the effect of slow lubricating oil heating?

3.What is the objective of the present work?

4.How were the experimental tests carried out?

5.What did they demonstrate?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте C. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

Урок 3.9

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

TORQUEINGUPTHE GEARLESSTRANSMISSION

Most transmissions offer between three and six distinct gear ratios. Having more ratios to choose from permits the engine to operate at an ideal speed andload more of the time. Continuously variable transmissions CVTs operate without conventional gears, providing an infinite number of gear ratios within a preset range. This allows a car to accelerate while its engine speed stays at peak-horsepower rpm.

Most CVtransmissions built by now, including theHonda Civic HX’s, use a pulley system with a V-shaped, Van Doorne-type steel belt to transmit torque. The belt is clamped between two pulleys whose effective diameters can be altered by sliding the pulley halves together or apart. These belts consist of hundreds of flat steel plates that transmit torque by pushing, one element againstanother, from input to output pulley. Sofar, the uppertorque limit of this design has been about 150 pound-feet.

Three new CVT designs aim to move gearless shifting up to the executive-sedan class. The firstone is in theAudi Multitronic, to be fitted to the2002A6 2.8. It works much like current CVTs do but uses anew chain to transmitthetorque.Theothers–Nissan’sExtroidandMazda’sexperimental toroidal CVT – are quite different.

Audi’smajoradvancementisitsnewpullchain,designedincooperation withLUKofGermany.Inthisdesign,thepulleysclamphardagainstaseries of pins, each pairof whichislinkedtogether byeither13or14steellinks. In all, the 1.5-inch-wide chain consists of 75 pins and 1025 links. This pull chain operates at a much smaller minimum diameter than a push belt can, which permits a broader range of ratios – from 12.7:1 to 2.1:1 – in a given package.

That ultra-low ratio allows the car to start from rest without a torque converter. Ditching the converter boosts fuel economy. From a stop, one of twomultiplateclutchesengages–graduallyorquickly,dependingondriving style – for forward or reverse drive. The A6’s engine is rated at 207 poundfeet of torque.

Theclaimedresultisanimprovementinperformance(0.1secondto60 mph) and fuel economy (two percent on the European EPAcity cycle) when compared with an A6 using a five-speed manual transmission.

Notes:

cooperation [] n. сотрудничество ditching [] n. отказ от

executive [] adj. (автомобиль) бизнес-класса flat [] adj ровный

Germany [] n. Германия infinite [] adj. бесчисленный

Ответьтенавопросыктексту

1.What do CVTs provide?

2.What do most CVTs include?

3.How is torque transmitted?

4.What is the purpose of the three new CVTs designs?

5.What isAudi’s major advancement?

6.What doesAudi’s new design allow to achieve?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

advancement (n.), class (n.), EPA, gearless (adj.), pound-fîît, pulley (n.), shifting (n.), toroidal (adj.), torque up (v.), ultra-(prefix).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

V-образный;беззубчатойпередачи;врозь;главный;даватьвозможность; диаметр;досихпор;зажимать,прижимать;класс,категория;менять(ся), изменять(ся);нажимать;оставаться;передаточноечисло;переключение (передач); переменный; пластина, диск; повышать крутящий момент; половина; постепенно; предоставлять; разгонять(ся); ремень, лента; сверх-; современный, нынешний; ставить своей целью; тороидальный, кольцевой; тяговая цепь; улучшение; усиливать, повышать; успех; устанавливать, монтировать; широкий; шкив; штифт, штырь, палец.

Упражнение 3. Определите, есть ли ошибки в переводе представленных ниже слов. Если ошибки имеются, укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Independent Suspension Under Control

(Окончание. Начало в упражнении 4 урока 3.6, стр. 47 )

…thestraightcentresectionananti-rollbarisnormallyattachedtothe vehicle’s …, or sub-frame, at two points. It is … mounted in rubber bushes (втулка)toprovidebearingsurfacesandadegreeoftension.Attheouterends …isfixedtothesuspensionarms.Ifitismountedthrougheyes(проушина)in thesuspensionarms,rubberbushes…beused,theothernormalalternativeis toboltthe arms tothebottomof thesuspensionstruts.

Whenavehicleisin…,thetwoarmsoftheanti-rollbarmovevertically up and down with the suspension as it goes over … in the road and plays littlepartincontrollingwheelmovement.However,whenthecar…,sideways rolloccurswhich,duetocentrifugal(центробежный)force,transfersweight to the outside springs. Underthese forcesthe anti-rollbar, … movingupand downissubjectedtoatwistingaction.This limits theamountof rollpossible anddepending…thethickness(толщина)ofthebar,rollisminimised.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции герундия.

1.The rate of heating of the coolant, lubricating oil, cylinder metal temperature and the associated exhaust temperatures and emissions are very difficult to predict.

2.Having 12-inch cross-drilled (поперечно просверленный) front rotors the car stops well.

3.All cars are steered by turning the front wheels in the required direction and allowing the rear wheels to follow.

4.Ditching the converter boosts fuel economy.

5.Primary safety, involves designing a vehicle which is least likely to be involved in an accident.

6.Thespeedismaintainedwithin3-4km/huntilitisdeactivatedbypressing the brake or clutch pedal, pressing the “resume” switch or turning off the main control switch.

7.Damping is the ability to absorb some of the energy of a spring after it has been compressed.

8.If theoptimumstoppingdistancecannot be achieved byjust backingoff the throttle, a warning is supplied to the driver.

9.Solving the problem of bouncing may include driving axles with leaf springs.

10.Instead of using double wishbones, some suspension systems have a telescopic strut.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции слова that.

1.There has to be a system which permits all the gear wheels except those that are required for a particular ratio to run freely.

2.By using a slightly more expensive technique the holes are swaged – that is, their edges are turned smoothly inwards.

3.Centre-lock mountings have an additional advantage now that radialply tyres are in general use.

4.Inanindependentfront-suspensionsystem,eachfrontwheelisconnected to the car body by its own linkage and springing, so that its movement does not affect that of the other wheel.

5.Sophisticated controlsystems actuallyallow even betterusage such that under certain conditions both the motor and the engine can be used.

6.Lambdacontrol is a closed loop feedback system in that the signal from a lambda sensor in the exhaust can directly affect the fuel quantity injected.

7.A greater volume of petrol is needed so as to ensure that sufficient fuel reaches the engine’s combustion chambers.

8.Horizontally opposed cylinders are used in only a few engine designs, frequently those with engines at the rear, where space is limited.

9.A car is said to understeer when the slip angles of the front tyres are greater than those of the rear tyres.

10.If the oil is too thin, the film that should separate the moving surfaces will break down, that would permit contact and wear.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конверсию.

1.So far, the upper torque limit of this design has been about 150 poundfeet.

2.The new design allows to torque up gearless transmission.

3.The half-shaft has to withstand bending loads imposed by the weight of the car, as well as transmit torque.

4.Asaresult,thesteeringcolumn,steeringshaft,thepumpandintermediate shaft and the hoses, fluids and belts are completely eliminated.

5.Many city driving journeys are short and result in considerable excess fuel consumption and pollution.

6.Electric drives produce no emissions but have a limited range.

7.In many cars the system makes allowance for weight transfer by setting a limit to the maximum braking effort that can be applied to the rear wheels.

8.Connecting rods link the pistons to the crankshaft.

9.One, two or three of these selector rods are linked to the gear lever.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст В

2009 NISSAN 370Z’S SYNCHROREV MATCH

In most cars with a manual transmission, a smooth downshift requires a blip of the throttle to match the engine rpm with the speed of the lower

gear.And shifting duringbrakingrequires theone-foot, two-pedaltechnique known asheel-and-toeing: yourrightfootblipsthe throttle whileat the same timepushingthe brakepedal.ButNissan’s system, partofthe Sportpackage onmanual-transmission370ZsandstandardontheNISMOversion,provides the rev matching for you.

Thebasic system components are sensors on the clutch pedal and shift lever, along with some finely tuned programming in the engine control unit (ECU).There’s also atransmission-speedsensortomake sure the driveshaft matchesupwithenginespeed.Pressingintheclutchpedaltriggersthesystem, and when it detects movement in the shift lever, the engine control unit calculates the target engine speed and adjusts the electronic throttle accordingly.

Thegearshiftsensorsmonitorgearpositionaswellasside-to-sideshifter movement and are sensitive enough that you canhold down the clutch pedal and watch the revs jump precisely to the right rpm if you want to move the shift lever to a lower gear. But it’s not just for downshifts; SRM also sticks theenginespeedatthetargetedrpmduringupshiftstopreventanylumpiness that might result from letting the revs drop too low. And if you push in the clutch pedal but don’t change gears, the engine will adjust to the proper revs before the clutch is fully reengaged.

SRM’shelpfulonthetrack,andit’salsoausefultoolfornormaldriving since it removes pre-corner anxiety and allows you to focus on braking and turn-in. Some might see SRM as another step toward the fully computerdriven car.

Notes:

blip [] n. кратковременное нажатие (педали), v. кратковременно нажать(педаль)

driveshaft [] n. переключение передач focus [] v. сконцентрировать внимание lumpiness [] n. толчок, удар

shifter [] n. рычаг переключения

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What does Nissan’s system take care of?

2.What are the system components?