Федорова_МУ по академическому письму

Many international students ask if a university is better than a college. The answer is that a university has advantages and disadvantages for an international student, and a college has advantages and disadvantages too.

The advantages of a university are that there are usually more research and recreational facilities, and more different kinds of courses offered. The disadvantages of a university are that courses taught to first-year students are often taught by teaching assistants who are graduate students themselves, and that the classes can be very large.

All colleges and universities in the USA are divided into:

–most competitive (admit only fewer than one third of those who apply);

–highly competitive;

–very competitive;

–competitive;

–less competitive;

–noncompetitive (accept all their applicants).

3. Read the following examples of abstracts. Underline clichés.

By the analysis of different theories, following a similar outline for each of them, this book permits a critical reflection on these questions. It also aims at making the current research in which these theories are present more accessible for the reader. Moreover, this research, by considering issues on (the dynamics of the processing of information, its contextualisation, and the fundamental cognitive abilities of the speaker), is also in line with broader issues concerning, for instance, different domains of (computer science or also cognitive) sciences. The different theories dealt with are (First Order Predicate Logic, Intensional Semantics, Boolean Semantics, General Semantics (Vanderveken), Dynamic Semantics, Situation Theory and Cognitive Grammar).

European Scientific Journal (http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/issue/view/59)

The Approach to the Analysis of Electrical Field Distribution in the Setup of Paper Insulated Electrodes in Oil

(by Pawel Rozga, Dariusz Hantsz)

Article presents the problem of the approach to the analysis of electrical field distribution in the model insulating system, which, in the authorʼs experimental research, was used to the assessment of the influence of paper insulation on the mechanism of electrical discharge initiation in mineral oil. The main as-

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sumptions of the planned numerical works based on the finite element method were described and scientific aim of the numerical analysis were characterized in this paper. Both the assumptions and the scientific aim were related to the conclusions from the experimental works, especially to the measured times to initiation of the discharges developing in mineral transformer oil, indicating on the important role of the oil quality in the process of discharge initiation in the system of the insulated by paper electrodes immersed in oil.

Statistical Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis on Mechanical Property in Hydro Fracturing Process

(by B. Guruprasad, A. Ragupathy, T. S. Badrinarayanan, T. P. Sankaralingam)

In the hydrofraturing process, the parameters such as Pressure in N/mm2, Temperature in ºC, Injection hole diameter in mm play a major role in determining the fracture length during the hydrofraturing process. A central composite rotatable design with three factors and three levels was chosen to minimize the number of experimental conditions. An empirical relationship was established to predict the fracture length (mm) of the hydrofraturing process by incorporating independently controllable hydrofraturing process parameters. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the process parameters to attain maximum fracture length (mm). Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to understand the impact of each process parameters on Fracture length.

Cultural Heritage as Media-Based Learning Experience

(by Hans W. Giessen)

This paper reports on a project realized at the European Archaeological Park of Bliesbruck-Reinheim which combines excavations and reconstructions of Celtic and Roman finds. Further project partners were the nearby local schools. The project’s aim was to create a CD-Rom with information on the European Archaeological Park to be used by schools in preparation or revisal for visits there. In order to be interesting for the students, it was thought to be best if the material was produced by pupils themselves. It was thus prepared, made, and edited by the German and French pupils from both (German and French) partner schools – in part in web-based collaboration. Topics ranged from history and Roman and Celtic art to arms, from economy to ecology. The pupils produced texts, images and video films, showing for example their experiences with “living archaeology”. Another aim was to make them learn how to organize information in a way interesting for themselves (and other pupils).

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Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology http://www.springer.com/engineering/mechanical+engineering/journal/12206

Dynamics of universal joints, its failures and some propositions for practically Improving its performance and life expectancy

(by Farzad Vesali, Mohammad Ali Rezvani and Mohammad Kashfi)

School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16845-13114, Iran (Manuscript Received July 11, 2011; Revised February 25, 2012; Accepted March 13, 2012).

A universal joint also known as universal coupling, U joint, Cardan joint, Hardy-Spicer joint, or Hooke’s joint is a joint or coupling in a rigid rod that allows the rod to “bend” in any direction, and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair of hinges located close together, oriented at 90° to each other, connected by a cross shaft. The Cardan joint suffers from one major problem: even when the input drive shaft rotates at a constant speed, the output drive shaft rotates at a variable speed, thus causing vibration and wear. The variation in the speed of the driven shaft depends on the configuration of the joint. Such configuration can be specified by three variables. The universal (Cardan) joints are associated with power transmission systems. They are commonly used when there needs to be angular deviations in the rotating shafts. It is the purpose of this research to study the dynamics of the universal joints and to propose some practical methods for improving their performance. The task is performed by initially deriving the motion equations associated to the universal joints. That is followed by elaborating on the oscillatory behavior in the rotational speed and the torque that transmits through the intermediary shaft. The forces in the joint bearings are calculated by using an analytical method that is also supported by the numerical modeling. Such models are also used in order to calculate the rhythm and the amount of the excess loads on the joint. This is suggested as a systematic procedure in the search for the causes of the failures in these popular bearings. With the same purpose in mind some defected bearings with deformed sections were selected for the laboratory examinations. By analyzing the loading behavior and the surface conditions of the defected bearings and by comparison with the known fatigue theories attempts are made in order to dig into the causes for the failures in these joints and their bearing surfaces. With the aim of improving the performance and the life expectancy of these popular elements of the machineries, some practical recommendations are also suggested.

Keywords: Machinery failure; Bearing failure; Failure analysis; Fatigue failure; Solidworks modeling.

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4. Read the text and render it.

LIVING WITHOUT ENERGY

Everyone says that we must use less energy! But how? That is the big question. In this article, you can read about the house of the future,

which uses hardly any energy at all...

Most houses use energy - lots of it. We use energy for heating, lighting, for running our household appliances - TVʼs, washing machines, fridges, and so on. In winter time, most houses use dozens of kilowatts of electricity every day, or the equivalent in gas.

The house in the photo, on the other hand, uses virtually nothing: most of the energy that it uses comes straight from the sun, the wind or the ground. This is an experimental house at the University of Nottingham, and it could be the kind of house that most people are living in fifty years from now.

During the daytime, it is rarely necessary to turn on an electric light, even in rooms without windows. Sunlight, or daylight, is “piped” through the house, into each room, through special high-reflection aluminium tubes. You can see how well they reflect light, by looking at the reflections of the faces in the picture!

At night, of course, energy is necessary - but most of this comes from the sun or the wind. The house is fitted with photovoltaic solar panels that generate electricity during the daytime, and a wind turbine power generator too; electricity from these can be used directly, or else stored in batteries, and used when it is needed.

For heating, the house uses direct solar energy (sunshine heating water that circulates through a radiator system), orgeothermal energy. This takes lowlevel heat out of the ground, and uses a heat-pump to convert it into high-level heat for use in radiators - the same principle as a refrigerator, but in reverse.

As for water, most daily needs are provided for by the houseʼs own supply; rainwater is collected on the roof, filtered, and used for all toilets, baths and showers.

If, one day, most people in developed countries live in houses like this one, most of todayʼs pollution will have disappeared, and global warming may be a problem of the past (URL: http://linguapress.com/intermediate/noenergy.htm).

5. Using tips for writing abstracts, write an abstract of your own article, course paper, or scientific report.

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PART II. DESCRIBING GRAPHS

1.How do you illustrate you diplomas, Master dissertations, and articles? Name possible types of visuals.

2.Why should we describe visuals? Answer this question after reading the following text.

In many subject areas you may need to refer to numbers, statistics and other data during the course of your studies. This is likely to be data collected by other people which you will use to support your written work, but it may be data that you have collected yourself as part of your studies. Data is generally presented in the form of tables, charts and graphs, which makes it easier for readers to understand. However, it is often necessary to reproduce and refer to this type of information in words, as part of a report or written assignment. If you include a graph, chart or table in your writing, you must explain very clearly what the data in it means, and why it is relevant to your report or assignment (http://www.elanguages.ac.uk/los/eap/introduction_to_describing_graphs_and_t ables.html).

3. Read the text. Think of an object, a concept, numbers and a word (words) which can be described using graphs or other visuals.

Graphics – an overview

Most of the technical papers have graphics in them – or at least they should. A lot of professional, technical writing contains graphics – drawings, diagrams, photographs, illustrations of all sorts, tables, pie charts, bar charts, line graphs, flow charts, and so on. Once you get the hang of putting graphics like these into your writing, you should consider yourself obligated to use graphics whenever the situation naturally would call for them.

Before getting into details on creating, formatting, and incorporating graphics, consider the types and their functions. You can use graphics to represent the following elements in your technical writing:

Objects – If youʼre describing a fuel-injection system, youʼll probably need a drawing or diagram of the thing. If you are explaining how to graft (привить) a fruit tree, youʼll need some illustrations of how that task is done. Photographs, drawings, diagrams, and schematics are the types of graphics that show objects.

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Numbers – If youʼre discussing the rising cost of housing in Austin, you could use a table with the columns being for five-year periods since 1970; the rows could be for different types of housing. You could show the same data in the form of bar charts, pie charts, or line graphs. Tables, bar charts, pie charts, and line graphs are some of the principal ways to show numerical data.

Concepts – If you want to show how your company is organized, the relationships of the different departments and officials, you could set up an organization chart-boxes and circles connected with lines that show how everything is hierarchically arranged and related. This would be an example of a graphic for a concept: this type depicts nonphysical, conceptual things and their relationships.

Words – And finally graphics are used to depict words. Youʼve probably noticed how textbooks put key definitions in a box, maybe with different color. The same can be done with key points or extended examples. Not the sexiest form of graphics, but it still qualifies, and itʼs good to keep in mind as a useful technique in certain situations (http://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/textbook/gra phics.html#).

4. Types of graphs

Bar chart

Pie chart

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Line graph

1.Single line graph

2.Multiple line graph

5. For describing graphs, use Vocabulary Verbs and nouns

AT THE TOP – Verbs: reach a peak, peak, reach its/their highest point

AT THE BOTTOM – Verbs: reach/hit a low (point), hit/reach its/their lowest point

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Adjectives and adverbs

+

−Dramatic(ally), sharp(ly), a lot, substantial(ly), significant(ly), marked(ly), considerable (-ly);

−Rapid(ly), quick(ly), sudden(ly), swift(ly)

-

−Moderate (-ly), slight(ly), a bit, a little, minimal(ly);

−Slow(ly), gradual(ly), steady (-ily)

Prepositions:

a rise from £725 to £825 to increase by 2.1 %

an increase of 2.1 % in the crime rate

6. Some tips for describing graphs.

− Think of a main trend (trends).

− Describe the most noticeable thing.

− Support the trend with the example (or give a reason).

− Make sure you have 150 words. Your average sentence should be about 12 or 13 words per sentence (min 6 and max 18).

7. Categorization: divide these verbs into two groups according to their meaning.

8. Make sentences.

1.Then / will/ pick up/ for / rest of the year / the / profits / rapidly.

2.In / slightly / costs/ decrease / next few years / will / the.

3.Costs / the / been / rapidly / for / rising / last year / has.

4.I / profits / will / for / next two months / think / the / drop.

5.Profits / have / for / remained / last / six/ month / the / steady.

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9. Look at the example “My working graph”. Change verbs increase and decrease to other verbs with the same meaning where possible. Draw this graph in your notebook.

My work graph.

1.My work increased sharply on Monday because I had two classes.

2.My work decreased sharply on Wednesday because I had no classes.

3.It stayed the same on Thursday because I had no classes.

4.It increased sharply again on Friday because I had two classes again.

5.It decreased slightly on Saturday because I had one class.

10. Choose a topic (or think of your own topic) about your life and draw your own graph. Then write 5 sentences about your graph.

11.What technical processes or phenomena can we describe using graphs? In groups, name from 1 to 3 such processes.

12.Read the examples.

Example 1. Curves of Solomon.

Рис. 1. Кривые Соломона

Vertical axis - Cutting force

Horizontal axis - Cutting speed

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Curves of Solomon show dependence of force cutting on cutting speed. This dependence is nonlinear and changes according to a difficult law.

On the 1st stage cutting force (tool pressure) increased sharply to determined values which depend on machining materials, cutting tools, machining conditions etc. Then starts the second stage where the force decreased sharply to definite values which depend on the same parameters. On the 3rd stage the force increased sharply to infinite values. At the end of the second period and the beginning of the third there is an area with not high forces of cutting at high speeds of cutting. In this area high machining speed is possible. The location of this area on the graphs depends first of all on a machining material and, as a rule, is defined experimentally.

Example 2. Износ деталей машин.

Срок службы многих деталей машин ограничивается износом рабочих поверхностей. Износ – это результат процесса постепенного разрушения рабочих поверхностей детали, изменяющего ее размеры и форму. На основе анализа установлено, что характер износа большинства деталей машин соответствует классической кривой износа. Имеется три характерные зоны на классической кривой – приработки (I), нормального изнашивания (II), аварийного изнашивания (III). В зонах I и III скорость износа повышается и происходит интенсивное изнашивание. Зона II характеризуется стабилизацией скорости изнашивания (V = const), и при этом изнашивание детали незначительное, поэтому желательно эксплуатацию деталей совмещать с этой зоной.

Рис. 2. Закономерности износа деталей машин во времени

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