Sowell Applied Economics Thinking Beyond Stage One (revised and enlarged ed)

I N D E X

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Boston, 110, 128, 177

Brazil, 48, 50, 127, 174, 178, 181, 182, 190

Britain, 31, 32, 33, 46, 49, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 68, 93, 160, 172, 174, 183, 187, 191, 196, 197, 201, 202, 238, 242, 243, 250, 263, 264, 269

crime: 29, 31, 32–34

immigration: 172, 174, 183, 186–187, 191, 196, 197, 201, 202 medical care: 56–59, 60–61, 63–64, 68, 85, 92

Broadway, 207, 219 Brooklyn Dodgers, 219–220 Burglars, 31

Caesarean-section Births, 69, 70

California, 3, 29, 60, 68, 71, 88, 96, 97–99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111–112, 116, 117, 118–120, 130, 131, 136, 203, 235, 238, 261

Canary Islands, 243, 248 Caribbean, 44, 47, 178, 202 Check-cashing Agencies, 136–138 Chicago, 16, 99, 110, 224, 249

China, 44–45, 53, 60, 62, 88, 152, 153, 171, 174, 178, 183, 184, 193, 238, 241–242, 243, 247, 248, 253, 258, 265, 267

Chinese, 37, 44–45, 62, 127, 175, 178, 180, 181, 202, 208, 213, 228, 236, 264–265

Civil War, 50, 52, 126, 164, 200 Climate, 178, 239, 251, 253, 255–260 Coastal Plains, 252, 255

Constraints (see Incentives and Constraints) Corvair, 146–149

Costa, Elizabeth, viii

Crime and Violence, 29–36, 197, 200–201, 203, 208 burglary: 31

guns: 32–34

organized crime: 30, 34–36 punishment: 31–32, 33

rationality: 30–33

Culture, 33, 128, 171, 174–175, 179–184, 185, 188, 189, 190, 195, 196–197, 198, 199, 201–203, 204, 213, 231–232, 236–237, 240, 241, 247–248, 251, 252–253, 254, 255, 259, 268–269, 272–273

Decisions, categorical: 3 incremental: 3, 74

surrogate decision-makers: 67–68, 77, 89, 163–164 turnover among decision-makers: 219

Discrimination, 207–237, 265

affirmative action: 215, 220, 228, 230, 231, 234, 235 anti-discrimination laws: 207, 230–235

antipathy: 212, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 257, 265 bias: 211, 212–214, 215, 229–230, 236

comparability: 210, 225–230 competition: 219–222, 223–224

costs to discriminators: 207, 215–224, 230, 232

employment discrimination: 207, 209–210, 221, 223–224, 226–227, 231, 232–234, 236–237

genetic discrimination: 160–161 labor unions: 217–218, 224 lending discrimination: 229

life chances: 224–225, 226 “perceptions”: 208–209

prejudice: 208–212, 215, 229–230, 257

racial and ethnic discrimination: 207, 209–210, 215 sex discrimination: 210–211, 215, 226

sorting devices: 211–212

statistical disparities: 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 218, 224–225, 227–228, 229–230, 232

Doctors (see Medical Care) Dogs, 156–157

“menial” jobs: 26 outsourcing: 16–17

Eurasian Landmass, 185, 248, 258

Europe and the Europeans, 37, 41, 47, 51, 78, 83, 85, 114, 124, 125, 127, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176–178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186, 190–191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202–203, 207, 209, 222, 241–242, 243, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250–251, 252, 254–256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263–264, 265, 268, 269, 270, 271

European Union, 84, 167, 168, 170

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 138, 166, 167 Federal Reserve System, 13, 115, 118

First World War, 23, 154, 182, 261, 262, 264

Food and Drug Administration, 72, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83 Forced Labor, 20, 37, 39–41

Foreign Aid (see Economic Development)

France, 18, 56, 59, 157, 172, 183–184, 191, 192, 193, 199, 200–201, 240, 250, 255

Friedman, Milton, 1, 9

Genetic Risks, 160–161 Geography,

climate: 178, 239, 251, 253, 255–260 coastal plains: 252, 255

flora and fauna: 258–259 Gulf Stream: 255

navigable waterways: 247, 248–255, 256 rainfall: 258

Germans and Germany, 56, 119, 174, 180, 181, 182, 190, 193, 197, 199, 201, 209, 214, 238, 240, 250, 255, 257, 261, 263, 269, 271, 272

Government (see also Politics), 10–11, 12, 13, 53–54, 55, 56, 60, 64, 81–84, 92, 99–109, 123–126, 129, 139–143, 154–161, 166–171, 216–217, 218–219, 220, 221, 243, 244, 266

bureaucracy: 244 discrimination: 216–218, 220 “do something” policies: 7–14 property rights: 245

regulation: 150, 154–161, 165–167, 218–219, 220–221 Great Depression of the 1930s, 10–11, 12, 23, 166, 167 Gulags, 37, 39–40

Harlem, 109, 127–128 Harvard, 6, 12, 235

Health Care (see Medical Care)

Hispanics, 189, 225, 226, 228 Hoover, Herbert, 10–11 Housing, 59, 95–132

affordability: 95, 98 106, 107–109, 110–111, 115, 124 apartments: 98, 114, 120–124

circulation: 105, 108–109 commuting: 111, 131–132 condominiums: 122–123 developers: 103–104, 106 financing: 115–120

height restrictions: 130–131 home ownership: 98 housing quality: 95–98, 99 land: 98–106, 107 mortgages: 115–120

price disparities: 96–98 prices: 95–123

property rights: 102, 103, 104 rent control: 5, 112–115, 223

restrictions: 97, 99–104 segregation: 125–130, 221, 222–223 slums: 123, 124

urban renewal: 123 zoning: 107

Houston, 96, 106

Hudson River, the, 249, 251 Huguenots, 192–193, 263

Human Capital, 22–27, 47, 254, 265, 266, 272

Immigration, 171–206, 254–255

admissions criteria: 190–191, 194, 195, 201

assimilation: 174, 179–181, 182, 183, 201, 202–203, 204, 257 benefits: 188, 191, 192–197, 198, 263–264

causes of migration: 172–173 chain migration: 174–176 citizenship: 201

costs: 171–172, 175, 176–178, 185–187, 191, 192, 197–203, 204, 205 crime and violence: 183–184, 196

cultures: 171, 179–184, 185, 195, 197, 199–200, 202, 203, 204 diseases: 185–187, 203

education: 172, 180, 188, 194–195, 201, 256–257 elite opinion: 195–197

expellees: 171

“guest workers”: 195, 197, 199–200, 203 history: 172–187

income: 171–172, 177, 191–192, 195, 197–198, 256, 257

language: 171, 172, 174–175, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 202, 203, 257 numbers of migrants: 171, 173–174, 178–179, 184–185, 194 origins and destinations: 171, 173–179, 180, 186, 194, 203

past and present: 189–190, 192, 204 political loyalty: 182–184 recruitment: 209

refugees: 171, 185, 186, 192–193 remittances: 124, 176, 266 return migration: 184–185, 190

second generation: 183–184, 199–200, 201, 204, 205 skills: 172, 189, 194, 256, 257, 263–264

sojourners: 171, 178, 180

transportation technology: 171, 176–179 Incentives and Constraints, 89, 226, 232

economic: 13–14, 17–19, 32, 38–39, 48–49, 66, 67, 71, 76, 80, 108, 150–151, 154, 155, 207, 215–224, 226–227, 232

political: 57–58, 71, 75, 76, 82–83, 112, 140–142, 145, 150–151, 153–154, 155, 156–157, 158, 160, 161, 162–164, 217, 221, 222–223

Income, 27–29, 115, 229 age: 21, 22

changes over time: 28–29 earnings: 26, 28–29 family income: 23

versus wealth: 27–28 Incremental Decisions, 3, 74 Indentured Labor, 44–45

India, 21, 44, 45, 143, 153, 164, 165, 171, 178, 184–185, 193, 208, 213, 227, 228, 238, 241, 242, 243, 247, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269

Insurance, 53, 64–65, 67, 68–71, 150–161 adverse selection: 154–155, 160 annuities: 157

automobile insurance: 134, 135, 151, 158 coverage: 156–158

economic consequences: 151–153 fairness vs. risk: 155–157, 158, 159, 161 genetics: 160–161

government-provided insurance: 150, 167 government regulation: 150, 154–161 moral hazard: 135, 139–140, 154–155 re-insurance: 152–153, 154