Слепович В.С. - Курс перевода
.pdfdisease pandemic. It is a problem in every country, and especially prevalent and damaging in a few. The social consequences are at many levels, including economic. Finally, the contagious disease is difficult to combat, and it may adapt itself to efforts to defeat it.
What might be called the first stage of reacting to either corruption or disease is a raising of consciousness. In a number of recent books corruption is attributed to bad attitudes regarding authority and probity. The political culture is a pernicious sort of “privatization of the State,” the informal and illicit private use of government by the political class and its allies.
12. The cure for corruption? Moral renovation, cultural change, an elevation of consciousness. …The problem with this advice is practical. We know little about how to engineer a moral renovation, so we also work at other levels.
A second stage of reacting to disease or corruption emphasizes prevention: keep healthy bodies free of contagion. The anticorruption measures described above, from selecting better agents to raising the economic and social costs of corruption, are derived from this approach.
Analyzing and attacking corrupt systems
13. But what if corruption has already become embedded? When prevention has failed, a third stage of fighting corruption is also needed, one that goes after the disease. New questions arise. In addition to strengthening government institutions, the task is now to
заразная;
мероприятия, направленные на ее уничтожение;
опасный;
незаконный;
союзники;
исцеление; повышение сознательности;
Мы в недостаточной мере знакомы с организацией процесса морального обновления …;
данный подход послужил основой для разработки (мер);
укоренилась;
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weaken corrupt institutions. This is difficult but not impossible. “To engage in corruption,” law professor Philip Heymann notes, “a government official and a private party have to identify each other as potential corrupt partners, and find a way to reach an agreement, and then deliver what each has promised without being detected. Each of these steps can be extremely difficult, for in each there are vulnerabilities to detection.”
14. The corrupt system itself should be analyzed from beginning to end. For example, how are corrupt buyers and sellers found and matched? How do they make and enforce their implicit contracts? What footprints does their illicit transaction create, and what steps do they take to cover them up?
Then, countermeasures should be designed. For example, how might undercover agents be introduced to the system in order to disrupt it? Who are the disaffected in the corrupt system, and how may they be induced to defect? How might corrupt contracts be exposed, undercut, or destabilized? How might disinformation be injected into the corrupt system to create false impressions, schisms, distrust, and risk?
15. With these questions in mind, let us return to the case of PHS. How might the corrupt coalition of the president, the congressional committee, the contractors, the political appointees, and PHS be subverted? Here are a few ideas.
Disseminate information that the corrupt system would like to keep hidden.
для совершения акта коррупции;
увидеть друг в друге;
выполнить (каждый) свое обещание и не быть разоблаченным;
уязвимые места;
находятся и сходятся;
заключают и обеспечивают выполнение своих негласных договоров; противоправная сделка;
как внедрить в систему тайных сотрудников; разрушить; недовольные;
побудить перейти на другую сторону; обнаружить; ослабить;
с целью создания ложных впечатлений, внесения раскола, недоверия и ощущения риска;
назначенцы;
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Some corrupt appointees have grown rich. Purchases of houses and cars and other forms of conspicuous consumption can be documented and shared with the press.
The prices of various goods and services can be compared with prices before the erosion of PHS, with prices in the private sector, and with prices in neighboring countries. All these comparisons reveal PHS’s current corruption.
One can give information to, and then work with, the firms that could potentially compete for PHS’s business, as well as with associations of industry leaders, auditors, and lawyers. Pressure points can thereby be found and exploited to push for change.
Organized extortion for PHS eligibility cards can be undermined by using undercover agents, confidential exit interviews, and video cameras.
16. In both Italy and New York, successful efforts against organized crime have subverted the Mafia’s culture of secrecy. Crucial have been such measures as using undercover agents, planting electronic surveillance devices, and inducing key insiders to become state witnesses. Also, misinformation and “dirty tricks” have been used to create distrust among the Mafiosi — for example, planting false rumors that someone was a turncoat or catalyzing animosity among various factions. Could similar steps be imagined in PHS or, more broadly, in the national government?
17. These are interesting possibilities — but who might undertake them? The list of potential actors is
бросающееся в глаза потребление;
разложение;
которые могли бы стать потенциальными участниками конкурентной борьбы за право поставок в Пи-Эйч-Эс; болезненные точки;
для осуществления перемен; вымогательство в связи с;
склонение важнейших членов внутренней структуры мафии к выступлению в качестве государственных свидетелей; распространение ложных слухов; перебежчик; разжигание вражды между раз-
личными группировками;
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long: citizens’ groups, including Transparency International; the press; religious groups; business groups, which realize that, viewed as a whole, business loses from systemic corruption; and international organizations. Sometimes a congressional committee can be the catalyst, at other times a supreme audit authority or a ministry of justice or a police department. Even within a corrupted agency, the infection is never complete, and given the opportunity, people ranging from secretaries to technicians to long-term civil servants may be valuable sources of information about exactly how the corrupt system functions.
Ideally, third-stage anticorruption efforts will bring together all these actors to subvert systemic corruption.
Where is systemic corruption most severe?
18. Systemic corruption can worsen as various forms of central government control break down or recede. One example is when a state collapses in the face of unrest or postcommunist trauma, being replaced in part by organized crime and corruption. Another example — less dramatic but perhaps more widespread — is what happens when federal functions devolve upon localities and municipalities.
In our new book, Corrupt Cities, Ronald MacLean-Abaroa, Lindsay Parris, and I note that around the world, local governments are susceptible to systemic corruption. Compared with national governments, municipal administrative systems are usually weaker. Pay scales for professionals are lower, leading on average to lowerquality personnel. The risks of coop-
организация «Транспэренси Интернэшенл»
высший ревизионный орган;
госслужащие из числа ветеранов;
сводят воедино всех участников борьбы с системной коррупцией;
по мере разрушения или ослабления различных видов контроля со стороны центрального правительства; под воздействием беспорядков;
переходят к местным и муниципальным органам управления;
подвержены;
оплата труда специалистов;
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tation by elites or populists are higher. In the hands of unscrupulous opportunists or idealists unable to manage, city governments can easily become the sites of petty tyrannies, systemic corruption, or both.
19. Even in rich countries, the threats are real. The substance and style of city management are changing in ways that promise better governance but simultaneously offer more opportunities for corruption. “Many of the recent changes in local government,” the Audit Commission of the United Kingdom asserts, “have been away from centralized controls and tight financial regimes and have increased the risks of fraud and corruption occurring.” According to one estimate, provincial governments in Japan have 3 times more officials than the national government but produce 15 times the reported number of corruption cases and 4 times the number of arrested officials. In New York City, the cost of past corruption in school construction alone is measured in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Public- private partnerships, correctly considered the wave of the future, can mutate into systemic corruption.
20. No wonder local corruption is a topic of increasing concern. The Chilean policy analyst Claudio Orrego points out that “all the objectives that have been established for the reform of the municipal sector (increasing their legitimacy and democratization, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their services, and increasing citizen participation), can be summarized as part of this broader
недобросовестные;
ñóòü;
Ревизионная комиссия;
происходит вне рамок;
партнерства с участием государства и частных структур; явление;
укрепление их законности;
эффективность и действенность;
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goal: strengthening accountability.” |
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When corruption does become sys- |
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temic, as it did in PHS, the usual |
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anticorruption measures are inefficient. |
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Not obsolete, to be sure: there will |
Это не означает, что (они) уста- |
always be a need to raise conscious- |
ðåëè; |
ness about corruption’s costs, and to |
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make the institutions of state and |
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market less vulnerable to corruption. |
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But we also need new thinking about |
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new models of action by new sorts of |
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actors that can facilitate joint efforts |
создать благоприятные условия. |
to subvert corruption. |
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Задание 13
Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык статью из американской газеты «Крисчен Сайенс Монитор»
WANTED: NEXT GROWTH ENGINE FOR U.S. ECONOMY
High-tech, healthcare, energy, or factory goods could rev up a year from now.
By Mark Trumbull (The Christian Science Monitor)
1. With the US economy now in outright contraction, it’s clear that steering a course through the credit crisis will set the stage for another big job after that: reviving growth.
One after another in the past decade, important economic engines have sputtered and then stalled: an Internet boom, homes and mortgages, commodities. Long-invincible US consumers are now retrenching in the face of debt burdens and a weak job market.
2. Where will new growth come from, and when?
The possibilities include technology, healthcare, energy, and manufactured goods — possibly all of the above. But don’t hold your breath for the word “boom” to be attached to any sector. It may take a year or more for a new job engine to get started.
3. In fact, after one big stimulus package offered only passing relief to the economy this year, the next government effort to restore growth should target specific industries with long-term potential, not just put money into the hands of consumers, some economists say.
“That would be a huge change” from traditional recession-fighting efforts, says Robert Atkinson, president of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation in Washington. But “this is ...
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4. The immediate problem is a recession, but the recovery may hinge on how the economy copes with long-run problems that range from the cost of healthcare to global competition in knowledge-based industries.
“We can no longer afford a ‘consumption-based’ stimulus package that leaves the nation with little to show after consumers spend the money,” Mr. Atkinson’s group argues in a new report.
Different stimulus
5. Whereas the mid-year stimulus package of 2008 focused on taxrebate checks for millions of consumers, he proposes a range of spending plans that have both immediate and longer-term benefits.
Targets for federal spending or tax credits would include:
•Universities that build new research infrastructure.
•Consumers and businesses that buy energy-efficient equipment.
•Healthcare providers that deploy information technology to cut costs.
•Computers and Internet access for low-income families.
•Businesses investing in information technology.
6. Such measures would give a quick boost to the gross domestic product, but also lay the groundwork for larger goals, such as an economy less burdened by energy and healthcare costs.
Even after the milder US recession of 2001, it took time for the technology sector to hand the baton to a new engine of growth — which turned out to be home construction and mortgage finance.
This time, the economic problems run deeper. Many forecasters say additional government stimulus is needed in some form — as well as ongoing steps to repair the damaged financial sector.
7. Gary Shilling, an economist who owns a forecasting firm in Springfield, N.J., warns that working through a glut of homes for sale, and new help for homeowners hit by falling home values, is just the start. The recession will also hit banks with losses from credit-card debts, commercial real estate loans, and junk bonds, he predicts.
Where the financial sector for years had been an important engine of US growth, this represents a sharp reversal.
“It is going to reduce growth considerably for the long run,” Mr. Shilling says.
Waiting for growth sectors
8. Although a recovery may start slowly and not necessarily soon, new catalysts for growth will eventually emerge, investment strategists say.
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“We continue to view this period of extreme volatility as an opportunity to search for the next wave of growth stories,” Richard Bernstein, Merrill Lynch’s chief investment strategist, wrote in an Oct. 15 report to clients.
“The manufacturing side of the Health Care sector (biotech, life sciences, and devices) is delivering traditional growth,” the report notes.
9. Alan Lancz, who runs his own investment management firm in Pittsburgh, also sees biotechnology as a growth engine.
Like Atkinson, he says the economy stands to benefit in tough times from companies that help Americans boost their productivity – whether it’s at a hospital or an industrial firm.
“Productivity is going to be such a key,” he says, and many of America’s high-tech firms are global leaders that could emerge from this downturn stronger.
Energy sector as economic spur
10. Energy stocks have plunged along with oil prices, but that sector, too, may hold promise, Mr. Lancz says. For one thing, oil prices may head back up at some point. More broadly, under a new US president the search for energy security could spur investment that creates jobs in both traditional and alternative fuel sources.
A global economic downturn puts America’s export of manufactured goods, such as industrial equipment, at risk. But exports, too, could be a source of strength in the next expansion, some economists say.
The reason: Developing nations have just hit a speed bump, not the end of their road.
11.As of last week, economists at Merrill Lynch predicted that emerging market nations will post 5.4 percent economic growth next year, down from a peak of 7.9 percent in 2007. They see China growing at
8.6percent, buoyed in part by its own stimulus program including new infrastructure spending.
“We want to hook into that fast growth” overseas, not just for today but for the long term, says Timothy Taylor, managing editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives in St. Paul, Minn. “For all its difficulties, globalization is a really big thing to embrace.”
12.Eventually, US consumers will get back on their feet – once the credit markets and job markets start functioning normally again, predicts Rajeev Dhawan, an economist at Georgia State University in Atlanta.
But for now, with a squeeze on both domestic and global consumers, “you’re not going to see a decent amount of job growth…” he says.
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Задание 14
Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык статью из американской газеты «Лос-Анджелес Таймс» о конкуренции компаний, выпекающих бублики. Обратите внимание на культурные реалии, учет которых при переводе имеет большое значение.
THE BAGEL: AN L.A. STORY
By Judith Kane Jeanson (The Los Angeles Times)
Two competitors, Brooklyn Bagel Bakery and Western Bagel, have been wooing delis and patrons with their hearthversus pan-baked styles for more than half a century.
1.“Most people choose the bagel they grew up with,” says Richard Friedman, and for most Southern Californians, whether they know it or not, that means the choice is bagels made either by Friedman or his oldest competitor. (...…)
Though there is a wealth of Jewish delis in Southern California, most of the best-known buy their bagels from either Friedman’s 55- year-old Brooklyn Bagel Bakery or Steve Ustin’s 61-year-old Western Bagel. If you eat at Nate ‘n Al, Langer’s, Art’s or Factor’s delis, you prefer Brooklyn’s bagels. If you prefer Brent’s or Mort’s, you’re a Western Bagel person.
2.Certainly there are other bagel bakeries in the area, including the Bagel Broker in the Fairfax District and the kosher Bagel Factory outlets on the Westside and in Torrance. And there are a few delis that bake their own, including Junior’s and Canter’s. But judging by the sheer numbers of bagels delivered every day to L.A.’s biggest delis, the two bagel giants have been defining our bagel appetites for decades.
3.Brent’s Deli in Northridge has been keeping Western Bagel busy for 41 years. At 3 p.m. on a Tuesday, Brent’s parking lot is so crowded there’s a valet service. Owner Ron Peskin, wearing a vibrant yellow aloha shirt, points out family members at work in the restaurant as he explains how this and the Westlake Village location together go through 700 dozen bagels a week.
Nate ‘n Al in Beverly Hills gathers crowds that can wait up to an hour for a menu that features Brooklyn’s bagels. The deli buzzes with show business “meets,” friends table-hopping and conversations continuing from yesterday or last week.
4.The Mendelson brothers who run the deli, Mark, 43, and David, 40 — grandsons of Al Mendelson, who with Nate Reimer started the
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deli in 1945 — figure their bagel order from Brooklyn Bagel has been in the multiple thousands per week.
This is where the “Jewish pacifier” — a bagel on a string for teething tots — was popularized by the late Kaye Coleman, a Nate ‘n Al waitress for 37 years. At Coleman’s funeral, Larry King, a Nate ‘n Al regular, delivered her eulogy and all the attendees wore bagels on strings around their necks in her honor. (Her uniform is displayed in a frame on a restaurant wall.)
5. Friedman is not a stickler for a particular-size bagel and does not have aproblem tweaking his recipe here and there to suit acustomer, but he has been raised in a strict bagel-making tradition. Sitting in his glassenclosed office looking out over his Brooklyn Bagel factory, the scene does not appear to have changed much in five decades.
It’s a vision right out of a California noir movie. He is a self-avowed workaholic, a devoted bagel maker who starts work most days at 5:30 a.m., continuing on with that “good recipe” created by his grandfather in New York and passed on to his father and then to him.
Setting the standard
6. Louis Friedman, Richard’s grandfather, was a founding member of New York’s International Beigel Bakers Union in 1927 and membership required aunion sponsor and along, unpaid apprenticeship.A bagel could not be made outside this union and its strict baking rules. Bagels were all handmade and a baker could be identified by his signature work.
”Definitely, good bagel making springs from that union,” says Sanford Brody, the 77-year-old owner of the 35-year-old Bagel Factory, which bakes only kosher bagels.
7. Richard’s father, Seymour, went through the union ranks and in 1953 brought the recipe west, opening Brooklyn Bagel Bakery on West Adams Boulevard. He relocated to the current location on a very unglamorous stretch of Beverly Boulevard in 1965. Richard officially took the reins in 1981.
Ustin, 60, the very businesslike owner of Western Bagel, based in Van Nuys, oversees a different sort of bagel empire. Western’s operations include 10 retail shops along with the wholesale deliveries to major delis, as well as shipping to stores and markets as far away as Japan and France.
Western, Ustin says, was established by his father, Dave, in 1947, when Los Angeles was a “bagel wasteland.” It now can produce 60,000 bagels an hour, he says.
8. A good bagel is essential to a good deli and patrons have definite opinions about what satisfies. “Nate ‘n Al must have a real New York
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