Химия на английском. Модуль 1
.pdf6.57.What weight of silver and what volume of 6.00 M HNO3 are needed for the preparation of 500 mL of 3.00 M AgNO3?
6.58.How many tons of limestone (CaCO3) are needed to prepare 5.00 tons of dry ice (CO2), assuming that 30% of the CO2 produced is wasted in converting it to the solid?
6.59.What volume of commercial HCl (36% HCl by mass, density = 1.18 g/mL) and what weight of limestone (90% pure) are needed to produce 2.00 kg of CO2?
6.60.What volume of commercial HCl (36% HCl by mass, density = 1.18 g/mL) and what weight of pyrolusite (85% MnO2) are needed to produce 5.00 kg of Cl2?
6.61.How many grams of 95% pure NaCl are needed to produce 2.00 kg of HCl?
6.62.Commercial sulfuric acid that has a density of 1.84 g/mL and is 95% H2SO4 by mass is used for the production of 365 g of HCl. What mass and volume of commercial acid is needed?
6.63.A manufacturer supplies 1 kg cans of calcium carbide whose purity is labeled as 85%. What volume of acetylene can be prepared from 1 kg of this product if the label is correct?
6.64.How many grams of sand, SiO2, are needed to prepare 1 kg of SiF4, assuming that 25% of the sand is inert material and does not produce SiF4? What volume of SiF4 is obtained, measured at STP?
REFERENCES
1.Dictionary of Chemistry. – McGraw-Hill Inc., 2003. – 443 p.
2.Hoenig, Steven L. Basic Training in Chemistry. – Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. – 184 p.
3.Rosenberg, Jerome L., Epstein, Lawrence M. College Chemistry. – McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000. – 154 p.
4.Rosenberg, Jerome L., Epstein, Lawrence M. Theory and Problems of College Chemistry. – McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997. – 386 p.
5.Smith, Robert Nelson, Pierce, Conway. Solving General Chemistry Problems. – W.H.Freeman & Company., 1980. – 474 p.
6.Williams, Linda. Chemistry Demystified. – McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. – 280 p.
31
PERIODIC TABLE
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I |
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II |
|
|
III |
|
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IV |
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|
|
V |
1 |
|
H |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hydrogen |
|
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|
|
|
||
|
|
1 |
1.0079 |
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|
|
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|
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|
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2 |
|
Li |
|
|
Be |
|
|
|
|
B |
|
|
|
|
C |
|
N |
|
|
Lithium |
|
Beryllium |
|
Boron |
|
|
Carbon |
Nitrogen |
|||||||
|
|
3 |
6.94 |
4 |
9.012 |
5 |
10.81 |
6 |
12.011 |
7 |
14.0067 |
||||||
3 |
|
Na |
|
|
Mg |
|
|
|
|
Al |
|
|
|
|
Si |
|
P |
|
|
Sodium |
|
Magnesium |
Aluminum |
|
Silicon |
Phosphorus |
|||||||||
|
|
11 |
22.99 |
12 |
24.305 |
13 |
26.98 |
14 |
28.085 |
15 |
30.974 |
||||||
|
|
K |
|
|
Ca |
|
Sc |
|
|
|
Ti |
|
|
|
|
V |
|
|
|
Potassium |
|
Calcium |
Scandium |
|
Titanium |
Vanadium |
|||||||||
4 |
|
19 |
39.098 |
20 |
40.08 |
21 |
44.956 |
22 |
|
47.90 |
23 |
50.94 |
|||||
|
|
Cu |
|
|
Zn |
|
|
Ga |
|
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|
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Ge |
|
As |
||
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||||||
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Copper |
|
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Zinc |
|
Gallium |
|
Germanium |
Arsenic |
||||||
|
|
29 |
63.54 |
30 |
65.38 |
31 |
69.72 |
32 |
|
72.59 |
33 |
74.92 |
|||||
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|
Rb |
|
|
Sr |
|
Y |
|
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Zr |
|
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Nb |
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Rubidium |
|
Strontium |
|
Yttrium |
|
Zirconium |
Niobium |
||||||||
5 |
|
37 |
85.47 |
38 |
87.62 |
39 |
88.91 |
40 |
|
91.22 |
41 |
92.906 |
|||||
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|
Ag |
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Cd |
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|
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In |
|
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|
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Sn |
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Sb |
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|||||
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Silver |
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Cadmium |
|
Indium |
|
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Tin |
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|
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Antimony |
|||
|
|
47 |
107.87 |
48 |
112.41 |
49 |
114.82 |
50 |
118.69 |
51 |
121.75 |
||||||
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Cs |
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Ba |
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La–Lu |
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Hf |
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Ta |
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Cesium |
|
Barium |
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|
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Hafnium |
Tantalum |
|||||||
6 |
|
55 |
132.905 |
56 |
137.33 |
|
|
|
|
72 |
178.49 |
73 |
180.95 |
||||
|
|
Au |
|
|
Hg |
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Tl |
|
|
|
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Pb |
|
Bi |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|||||
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Gold |
|
Mercury |
Thallium |
|
|
Lead |
Bismuth |
|||||||
|
|
79 |
196.97 |
80 |
200.5 |
81 |
204.3 |
82 |
|
207.2 |
83 |
208.98 |
|||||
7 |
|
Fr |
|
|
Ra |
|
Ac–(Lr) |
|
Rf |
|
|
|
|
Db |
|
||
|
Francium |
|
Radium |
|
Rutherfordium |
Dubnium |
|||||||||||
|
|
87 |
[223] |
88 |
226.03 |
|
|
|
|
104 |
[261] |
105 |
[262] |
||||
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|
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|||
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Lanthanides |
|
La |
Lanthanum |
|
Ce |
|
Cerium |
|
|
Pr |
Praseodymium |
||||
|
|
|
57 |
138.905 |
|
58 |
|
140.12 |
|
59 |
|
140.9077 |
|||||
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|
|||||||||
Gd |
|
Gadolinium |
|
Tb |
Terbium |
|
Dy |
Dysprosium |
|
|
Ho |
|
Holmium |
||||
64 |
|
|
157.2 |
|
65 |
158.93 |
|
66 |
|
162.50 |
|
67 |
|
164.93 |
|||
|
|
Actinides |
|
Ac |
Actinium |
|
Th |
|
Thorium |
|
|
Pa |
Protactinium |
||||
|
|
|
89 |
[227] |
|
90 |
|
232.038 |
|
91 |
|
231.036 |
|||||
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Cm |
Curium |
|
Bk |
Berkelium |
|
Cf |
Californium |
|
|
Es |
Einsteinium |
||||||
96 |
|
|
[247] |
|
97 |
[247] |
|
98 |
|
|
[251] |
|
99 |
|
[254] |
||
32
OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS |
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Appendix 1 |
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VI |
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VII |
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VIII |
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(H) |
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He |
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Helium |
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|
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|
|
2 |
4.0026 |
|
O |
|
|
F |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ne |
Oxygen |
|
Fluorine |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
Neon |
||
8 |
15.999 |
9 |
|
18.998 |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
10 |
20.179 |
|
S |
|
|
Cl |
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
Ar |
|
Sulfur |
|
Chlorine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Argon |
|
16 |
32.06 |
17 |
|
35.453 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
39.948 |
Cr |
|
Mn |
|
|
Fe |
|
Co |
|
|
|
Ni |
|
|
Chromium |
Manganese |
|
Iron |
|
Cobalt |
|
|
|
Nickel |
||||
24 |
51.996 |
25 |
|
54.938 |
|
26 |
55.847 |
27 |
58.933 |
|
28 |
58.70 |
|
|
Se |
|
|
Br |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kr |
Selenium |
|
Bromine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Krypton |
||
34 |
78.96 |
35 |
|
79.904 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
83.80 |
Mo |
|
Tc |
|
|
|
Ru |
|
Rh |
|
|
|
Pd |
|
Molybdenum |
Technetium |
|
Ruthenium |
Rhodium |
|
|
|
Palladium |
|||||
42 |
95.94 |
43 |
|
98.906 |
|
44 |
101.07 |
45 |
102.9 |
|
46 |
106.4 |
|
|
Te |
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Xe |
Tellurium |
|
Iodine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Xenon |
||
52 |
127.6 |
53 |
|
126.90 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54 |
131.3 |
W |
|
Re |
|
|
|
Os |
|
Ir |
|
|
|
Pt |
|
Tungsten |
|
Rhenium |
|
Osmium |
|
Iridium |
|
|
|
Platinum |
|||
74 |
183.8 |
75 |
|
186.21 |
|
76 |
190.2 |
77 |
199.2 |
|
78 |
195.1 |
|
|
Po |
|
|
At |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rn |
Polonium |
|
Astatine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Radon |
||
84 |
[209] |
85 |
|
[210] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
86 |
[222] |
Sg |
|
Bh |
|
|
|
Hs |
|
Mt |
|
|
|
|
|
Seaborgium |
|
Bohrium |
|
Hassium |
Meitnerium |
|
|
|
|||||
106 |
[266] |
107 |
[264] |
|
108 |
[277] |
109 |
[268] |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Nd |
Neodymium |
Pm |
Promethium |
Sm |
Samarium |
Eu |
|
Europium |
|||||
60 |
144.24 |
61 |
|
[145] |
62 |
|
150.4 |
63 |
|
|
151.96 |
||
Er |
Erbium |
Tm |
|
Thulium |
Yb |
Ytterbium |
Lu |
|
Lutetium |
||||
68 |
167.26 |
69 |
|
168.93 |
70 |
|
173.04 |
71 |
|
|
174.967 |
||
U |
Uranium |
Np |
Neptunium |
Pu |
Plutonium |
Am |
|
Americium |
|||||
92 |
238.029 |
93 |
|
237.048 |
94 |
|
[244] |
95 |
|
|
[243] |
||
Fm |
Fermium |
Md |
Mendelevium |
No |
Nobelium |
Lr |
|
Lawrencium |
|||||
100 |
[257] |
101 |
|
[258] |
102 |
|
[255] |
103 |
|
[256] |
|||
33
|
|
Elements and Electronegative Components |
Appendix 2 |
||
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|||
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|
|
Symbol |
Name |
|
Transcription |
Electronegative |
Transcription |
|
component |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ac |
actinium |
|
αk_'tin_i: _əm |
|
|
Al |
aluminum |
|
ə_'lu:m_ə_nəm |
|
|
Ag |
silver |
|
'sil_vər |
|
|
Am |
americium |
|
αm_ə_'ris_i: _əm |
|
|
Ar |
argon |
|
'a:r_gən |
|
|
As |
arsenic |
|
'a:rs_ən_ik |
arsenide |
'a:rs_ən_aıd |
At |
astatine |
|
α |
|
|
|
|
|
' s_tə_ti:n |
|
|
Au |
gold |
|
gould |
|
|
B |
boron |
|
'bo:_rən |
boride |
'bo:r_aıd |
Ba |
barium |
|
'bαr_i:_əm |
|
|
Be |
beryllium |
|
bə_'ril_i: _əm |
beryllide |
bə_'ril_aid |
Bh |
bohrium |
|
'bo:r_i: _əm |
|
|
Bi |
bismuth |
|
θ |
|
|
|
|
|
'biz_mə |
|
|
Bk |
berkelium |
|
'bə:r_kli: _əm |
|
|
Br |
bromine |
|
'brou_mi:n |
bromide |
'brou_maıd |
C |
carbon |
|
'ka:r_bən |
carbide |
'ka:r_baıd |
Ca |
calcium |
|
'kαl_si:_əm |
|
|
Cd |
cadmium |
|
'kαd_mi:_əm |
|
|
Ce |
cerium |
|
'sir_i:_əm |
|
|
Cf |
californium |
|
kalə_'fo:r_ni:_əm |
|
|
Cl |
chlorine |
|
'klo:r_i:n |
chloride |
'klo:r_aıd |
Cm |
curium |
|
'kju:r_i:_əm |
|
|
Co |
cobalt |
|
'kou_bo:lt |
|
|
Cr |
chromium |
|
'krou_mi:_əm |
|
|
Cs |
cesium |
|
'si:_zi:_əm |
|
|
Cu |
copper |
|
'kop_ər |
|
|
Db |
dubnium |
|
'du:b_ni:_əm |
|
|
Dy |
dysprosium |
|
dis_'prou_zi:_əm |
|
|
Er |
erbium |
|
'ə:r_bi:_əm |
|
|
Es |
einsteinium |
|
aın_'staın_i:_əm |
|
|
Eu |
europium |
|
yu:_'rou_pi:_əm |
|
|
F |
fluorine |
|
'flu:r_i:n |
fluoride |
'flu:r_aıd |
Fe |
iron |
|
'aı_ərn |
|
|
Fm |
fermium |
|
'fer_mi:_əm |
|
|
Fr |
francium |
|
'frαn_si:_əm |
|
|
34
|
|
|
Appendix 2 (continued) |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Symbol |
Name |
Transcription |
Electronegative |
Transcription |
|
component |
|||||
|
|
|
|
||
Ga |
gallium |
'gαl_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Gd |
gadolinium |
gαd_əl_'in_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Ge |
germanium |
jə:r_'meın_i:_əm |
germanide |
'jə:r_mə_naıd |
|
H |
hydrogen |
'haı_drə_jən |
hydride |
'haı_draıd |
|
He |
helium |
'hi:_li:_əm |
|
|
|
Hf |
hafnium |
'hαf_ni:_əm |
|
|
|
Hg |
mercury |
'mə:r_kyə_ri: |
|
|
|
Ho |
holmium |
'houl_mi:_əm |
|
|
|
Hs |
hassium |
'ha:_si:_əm |
|
|
|
I |
iodine |
'aı_ə_daın |
iodide |
'aı_ə_daıd |
|
In |
indium |
'in_di:_əm |
|
|
|
Ir |
iridium |
i_'rid_i:_əm |
|
|
|
K |
potassium |
pə_'tαs_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Kr |
krypton |
'krip_tən |
|
|
|
La |
lanthanum |
'lαn_θə_nəm |
|
|
|
Li |
lithium |
θ |
|
|
|
|
|
'li _i:_əm |
|
|
|
Lr |
lawrencium |
'lou_'ren_si:_əm |
|
|
|
Lu |
lutetium |
lu:_ti: _shəm |
|
|
|
Md |
mendelevium |
'men_də_li:_vi:_əm |
|
|
|
Mg |
magnesium |
α |
|
|
|
|
|
m g_'ni:_zi:_əm |
|
|
|
Mn |
manganese |
α |
|
|
|
|
|
'm ŋ_gə_ni:s |
|
|
|
Mo |
molybdenum |
mə_'lib_de_nəm |
|
|
|
Mt |
meitnerium |
maıt_'nir_i:_əm |
|
|
|
N |
nitrogen |
'naı_trə_jən |
nitride |
'naı_traıd |
|
Na |
sodium |
'soud_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Nb |
niobium |
naı_'ou_bi:_əm |
|
|
|
Nd |
neodymium |
ni:_ou_'dim_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Ne |
neon |
'ni:_on |
|
|
|
Ni |
nickel |
'nik_əl |
|
|
|
No |
nobelium |
nou_'bel_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Np |
neptunium |
nep_'tu:_ni:_əm |
|
|
|
O |
oxygen |
'ok_sə_jən |
oxide |
'ok_saıd |
|
Os |
osmium |
'oz_mi:_əm |
|
|
|
P |
phosphorus |
'fos_fə_rəs |
phosphide |
'fo_sfaıd |
|
Pa |
protactinium |
prout_αk_'tin_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Pb |
lead |
led |
plumbide |
'pləm_baıd |
|
Pd |
palladium |
pə_'leıd_i:_əm |
|
|
|
35
|
|
|
|
Appendix 2 (end) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Symbol |
Name |
Transcription |
Electronegative |
Transcription |
|
component |
|||||
|
|
|
|
||
Po |
polonium |
pə_'lou_ni:_əm |
|
|
|
Pm |
promethium |
prə_'mi:_thi:_əm |
|
|
|
Pr |
praseodymium |
preı_zi:_ou_'dim_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Pt |
platinum |
'plαt_ən_əm |
|
|
|
Pu |
plutonium |
plu:_'tou_ni:_əm |
|
|
|
Ra |
radium |
'reı_d_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Rb |
rubidium |
ru:_ 'bid_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Re |
rhenium |
'ri:_ni:_əm |
|
|
|
Rf |
rutherfordium |
rəð_ər_'fo:r_di:_əm |
|
|
|
Rh |
rhodium |
'roud_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Rn |
radon |
'reı_dən |
|
|
|
Ru |
ruthenium |
ru:_ 'thi:_ni:_əm |
|
|
|
S |
sulfur |
'səl_fər |
sulfide |
'səl_faıd |
|
Sb |
antimony |
α |
|
|
|
|
|
' n_tə_'mou_ni: |
|
|
|
Sc |
scandium |
'skαn_di:_əm |
|
|
|
Se |
selenium |
sə_'li:_ni:_əm |
selenide |
'sel_ə_naıd |
|
Sg |
seaborgium |
si:_ 'bo:rg_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Si |
silicon |
'sil_ə_kən |
silicide |
'sil_ə_saıd |
|
Sm |
samarium |
α |
|
|
|
|
|
sə_'m r_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Sn |
tin |
tin |
|
|
|
Sr |
strontium |
'stron_ti:_əm |
|
|
|
Ta |
tantalum |
'tαnt_əl_əm |
|
|
|
Tb |
terbium |
'tə:r_bi:_əm |
|
|
|
Tc |
technetium |
tek_'ni:_shi:_əm |
|
|
|
Te |
tellurium |
tə_'lu_ri:_əm |
telluride |
tə_'lu_raıd |
|
Th |
thorium |
'tho:r_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Ti |
titanium |
taı_'teı_ni:_əm |
|
|
|
Tl |
thallium |
'θαl_i:_əm |
|
|
|
Tm |
thulium |
θ |
|
|
|
|
|
' u:_li:_əm |
|
|
|
U |
uranium |
yə_'reı_ni:_əm |
|
|
|
V |
vanadium |
və_'neıd_i:_əm |
|
|
|
W |
tungsten |
'təŋ_stən |
|
|
|
Xe |
xenon |
'zi:_non |
|
|
|
Y |
yttrium |
'i_tri:_əm |
|
|
|
Yb |
ytterbium |
i_'tə:r_bi:_əm |
|
|
|
Zn |
zinc |
ziŋk |
|
|
|
Zr |
zirconium |
zə:r_'kou_ni:_əm |
|
|
36
|
|
|
|
|
Appendix 3 |
|
|
Acids and Anions |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formula |
Acid |
Transcription |
Anion |
Transcription |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HCl |
hydrochloric |
haı_drə_'klo:r_ik |
chloride |
'klo:r_aıd |
|
HClO |
hypochlorous |
haı_pə_'klo:r_əs |
hypochlorite |
haı_pə_'klo:r_aıt |
|
HClO2 |
chlorous |
'klo:r_əs |
|
chlorite |
'klo:r_aıt |
HClO3 |
chloric |
'klo:r_ik |
|
chlorate |
'klo:r_eıt |
HClO4 |
perchloric |
pə:r_'klo:r_ik |
perchlorate |
pə:r_'klo:r_eıt |
|
|
|
(similar with other halogens) |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
HCN |
hydrocyanic |
haı_drou_saı_'an_ik |
cyanide |
'saı_ə_naıd |
|
HMnO4 |
permanganic |
pə:r_mαn_'gαn_ik |
permanganate |
pə:r_'mαŋ_gə_neıt |
|
HNO2 |
nitrous |
'naı_trəs |
|
nitrite |
'naı_traıt |
HNO3 |
nitric |
'naı_trik |
|
nitrate |
'naı_treıt |
HOCN |
cyanic |
α |
|
cyanate |
'saı_ə_neıt |
|
|
saı_' n_ik |
|
|
|
HSCN |
thiocyanic |
θ |
α |
thiocyanate |
θ |
|
|
aı_ou_saı_' |
n_ik |
|
aı_ou_'saı_ə_neıt |
CH3COOH |
acetic |
ə_'si:t_ik |
|
acetate |
'αs_ə_teıt |
H2C2O4 |
oxalic |
ok_'sαl_ik |
|
oxalate |
'ok_sə_leıt |
H2CO3 |
carbonic |
ka:r_'bon_ik |
|
carbonate |
'ka:r_bə_nət |
H2Cr2O7 |
dichromic |
daı_'krou_mik |
dichromate |
daı_'krou_meıt |
|
H2CrO4 |
chromic |
'krou_mik |
|
chromate |
'krou_meıt |
H2S |
hydrosulfuric |
haı_drə_səl_'fyur_ik |
sulfide |
'səl_faıd |
|
H2SiO3 |
silicic |
sə_'lis_ik |
|
silicate |
'sil_ə_kət |
H2S2O3 |
thiosulfuric |
θaı_ə_səl_'fyur_ik |
thiosulfate |
θaı_ə_'səl_feıt |
|
H2SO3 |
sulfurous |
'səl_fə_rəs |
|
sulfite |
'səl_faıt |
H2SO4 |
sulfuric |
'səl'fyur_ik |
|
sulfate |
'səl_feıt |
H3AsO3 |
arsenious |
a:r_'si:n_i:_əs |
arsenite |
'a:r_sə_naıt |
|
H3AsO4 |
arsenic |
a:r_'sen_ik |
|
arsenate |
'a:rs_ən_eıt |
H3BO3 |
boric |
'bo:r_ik |
|
borate |
'bo: _reıt |
H3PO3 |
phosphorous |
'fos_fə_rəs |
|
phosphite |
'fos_faıt |
H3PO4 |
phosphoric |
fos_'fo:r_ik |
|
phosphate |
'fos_'feıt |
37
ХИМИЯ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Модуль 1 БАЗОВЫЕ ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ
Учебное пособие
38