- •Modal verbs
- •Be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to
- •I. Translate into English using can (could).
- •II. Translate into English using to be able to.
- •III. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Replace could with to be able to where necessary.
- •IV. Translate into English using to be allowed to.
- •Can and May compared
- •Must, have to, be to must
- •4. Complete these sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to.
- •2. Make questions with have to.
- •Must, to have to and to be to compared
- •Must and May compared
- •I. Translate into Russian using must.
- •II. Insert сап, may or must.
- •III. Translate into English using must, may or сап.
- •IV .Insert to have to or to be to.
- •V. Insert to have to or to be to.
- •VI. Translate into English using to have to или to be to.
- •VII. Put the proper form of the infinitive.
- •VIII. Translate into English using must, to have to or to be to.
- •Need in patterns
- •Expressing necessity
- •Ought to
- •Must, should and ought to compared
- •Will —would
- •Modal verbs. Test.
- •Сводка способов выражения долженствования при помощи сочетания модальных глаголов с инфинитивом
Must and May compared
Must and may can be compared in two meanings:
1) Both may and must serve to express supposition but their use is not parallel. May denotes supposition implying uncertainty where as the supposition expressed by must implies strong probability.
Cf. For all I know, he may be an actor. His face seems so familiar. He must be an actor. His voice carries so well. I saw him an hour ago. He may still be in his office now. He always comes at 10 sharp. So he must be in his office now.
2) May and must are used to express prohibition in negative sentences. But may is seldom found in this meaning. In negative answers to questions with may asking for permission we generally find must not or cannot.
e.g. "May I smoke here?" "No, you mustn't (you can't)."
I. Translate into Russian using must.
1. Он, должно быть, очень устал. ………………………………………………………………………………........
2. У них даже есть яхта. Они, должно быть, очень богаты.
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Ты должен уехать завтра утром? …………………………....................................................................................
4. Вы не должны опаздывать. …….………………………………………………………………………………......................................................
5. Я не должен забывать о своей матери. Я не писал ей целую вечность. Сегодня вечером я должен написать ей письмо. ……………………………………………………………………………….................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………..................................................................
6. Эта книга очень ценная. Вы не должны ее терять.
………………………………………………………………………………...................................................................
7. Неужели вам надо уже уходить? …………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Я должен признать, что я неправ. ………………………………………………………………………………...
9. Я должна упорно работать над своим английским.
………………………………………………………………………………...................................................................
10. Вы должны внимательно слушать учителя на уроке.
………………………………………………………………………………..................................................................
11. Ты должен делать уроки каждый день. …………………………………………………………………………
12. Вы не должны забывать о своих обязанностях.
………………………………………………………………………………..................................................................
13. Вы должны быть осторожны на улице. ………………………………………………………………………….
14. Она должна быть дома сейчас. …………………………………………………………………………………...
15. Мои друзья, должно быть, в парке. ………………………………………………………………………………
16. Вы, должно быть, очень голодны. ……………………………………………………………………………..
17. Должно быть, очень трудно решать такие задачи.
………………………………………………………………………………................................................................
18. Я должен сегодня повидать моего друга.
………………………………………………………………………………................................................................
II. Insert сап, may or must.
1. …………….... I come in? 2. You ... …………….not smoke here. 3. …………….. take your book? — I am afraid not: I need it. 4. He ……………. not speak English yet. 5. I have very little time: I ……………... go. 6. They ………….. not go to the park today because they are busy. 7. You ……………….. read this text: it is easy enough. 8. What ……….. we see on this map? 9. ……………... you speak Spanish? — No, unfortunately I ……………….. 10. At what time …….. you come to school? 11. She …………..... still live in Paris. 12. He is busy. He ………………... be writing a book about his travels. 13. But he is happy. He…………… ... enjoy life. 14. My friend Danielle isn't a famous artist. But she …………….... even paint Russian icons. I ………………... only admire her beautiful pictures. She …………………….. be a woman of great talents. She ………………….. speak German, French and English. She .............................. translate a lot of articles for the Museum of her native town in Switzerland. She ……………….... also teach these languages at school. She is fantastic. I am fascinated by everything that she does.