Вопросы к практическому занятию № 3 по теме «Система согласных современного английского языка»

1. What sounds are called consonants?

2. What groups of English consonants do you know?

3. What are friction consonants?

4. What are stop consonants?

5. What are nasal consonants?

6. What consonant is called lateral consonant and why?

7. What are gliding consonants?

8. What are the principles of classification Russian consonants?

9. What are the principles of classification English consonants?

10. What is the similarity in classification of English and Russian consonants?

11. What is the difference in classification of English and Russian consonants?

12. Define some English consonants.

Test 3—I

1. What sounds are called consonants?

2. What are friction consonants?

3. What are nasal consonants?

4. What are gliding consonants?

5. What is the difference in classification of English and Russian consonants?

6. Define the consonants [θ] [ð].

7. Define the consonants [l].

Test 3—II

1. What groups of English consonants do you know?

2. What are stop consonants?

3. What consonant is called lateral consonant and why?

4. What are the principles of classification Russian consonants?

5. What is the similarity in classification of English and Russian consonants?

6. Define the consonants [t] [d].

7. Define the consonants [r].

Test 3—III

1. What sounds are called consonants?

2. What are stop consonants?

3. What are nasal consonants?

4. What is the similarity in classification of English and Russian consonants?

5. What is the difference in classification of English and Russian consonants?

6. Define the consonants [tƒ] [].

7. Define the consonants [w].

Test 3—IV

1. What groups of English consonants do you know?

2. What are friction consonants?

3. What consonant is called lateral consonant and why?

4. What are gliding consonants?

5. What are the principles of classification Russian consonants?

6. Define the consonants [m] [n].

7. Define the consonants [f] [v].

Т Е М А

«Слово и звуковой строй языка»

The Sound Structure of a Language

The Syllabic Structure of English Words

The syllable as a unit is difficult to define, though native speakers of a language are usually able to state how many syllables there are in a particular word. The syllable is one or more speech sound, forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance, which may be a word, or a commonly recognized subdivision of a word.

The syllable can be analysed from the acoustic and auditory, articulatory and functional points of view. The syllable can be viewed in connection with its graphic representation.

Acoustically and auditorily the syllable is characterised by the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, degree of loudness and length, that is by prosodic features.

Auditorily the syllable is the smallest unit of perception: the listener identifies the whole of the syllable and only after that the sounds contained.

A syllable can be formed by a vowel, by a vowel and a consonant, by a consonant and a sonorant.

The syllable as a phonological unit performs three functions:

1. constitutive

2. distinctive

3. identificatory

The auditory image of a syllable can be shown in transcription.

It is very important to observe correct syllable division when necessity arises to divide a word in writing. Division of word into syllable in writing is based on morphological principles. The morphological principle of word division demands that the part of a word, which is separated, should be either a prefix, or a suffix, or a root. Words can be divided in writing according to their syllable structure, un-kind-li-ness. They can also be divided according to their meaning, spot-light.

Accentual Structure of English Words

I. Stress in Simple Words

The nature of stress

The nature of stress is simple, we can study stress from the point of view of production and of perception, the two are obviously closely related, but are not identical. The production of stress depends on the speaker using more muscular energy that is used for unstressed syllables.

From the point of view of perception, all stressed syllables have one characteristic in common, and that is prominence, stressed syllable are recognised as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllable. What makes a syllable prominent?

At least four different factors are important:

1. most people seem to feel that stressed syllable are louder than unstressed, in other words, loudness is a component of prominence.

2. the length of syllable has an important part to play in prominence.

3. every syllable is said on some pitch, pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords.

4. A syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels.

Generally these four factor work together in combination, though syllables may sometimes be made prominent by means of only one or two of them. These factors are not equally important, the strongest effect is produced by pitch and length, loudness and quality have much less effect.

Levels of stress

The prominence that results from the pitch movement, or tone, gives the strongest type of stress, this is called primary stress.

In some words, we can observe a type of stress that is weaker than primary stress but stronger than unstressed syllables. The stress of these words is called secondary stress.

We have now identified two levels of stress: primary and secondary, as well as a third level which is called unstressed and regarded as being the absence of any amount of prominence. These are the three levels that we’ll use in describing English stress.

Placement of stress within the word

How can one select the correct syllable or syllable to stress in an English word? As is well known, English is not one of those languages where word stress can be decided simply in relation to the syllable of the word, as it can be done in French (where the last syllable is stressed), Polish (where the syllable before the last is stressed) or Czech Polish (where the first syllable is stressed). Many writers have said that English word stress is so difficult to predict that it is best to treat stress placement as a property of the individual word, to be learned when the word itself is learned.

In order to decide on stress placement, it is necessary to make use of the following information:

1. whether the word is morphologically simple, or whether it is complex as a resul either of containing one or more affixes (that is, prefixes or suffixes) or being a compound word;

2. the grammatical category to which the word belongs (noun, verb, adjective, etc);

3. the number of syllable in the word.

II. Complex Word Stress

Complex words

Complex words are of two major types:

1. words made from a basic stem word which the addition of an affix (affix words);

2. compound words, which are made of two (or occasionally more) inde-pendent English words.

Affixes can influence the word stress:

1. the affix itself receives the primary stress (person-personality);

2. the word is stressed just is if the affix was not there (pleasant-unpleasant);

3. the stress remains on the stem, not he affix, but is shifted to a different syllable (magnet-magnetic).

Compound words

The main characteristic of this word is that it can be analysed into two words, both of which can exist independently as english words. As far as stressis concerned, a few rules can be given.

The most familiar type of compound is the one which combines two nouns, and has the stress on the first element.

But a variety of compounds receive stress on the second element:

1. compounds with an adj. As the 1^st element

bad-tempered

heavy-handed

2. compounds in which the first element is a number

rhree-wheeler

second-class

3. compounds functioning as a adverbs

North-East

head-first

4. compounds which function as verbs and have an adv. As the 1^st element

ill-treat

down-grade

III. Stress in Word – class Pairs

There are several pairs of two syllable words with identical spelling, which differ from each other in stress placement, according to word class (noun, verb or adjective). The stress will be placed on the second syllable of the verb, but on the first syllable of the noun or adjective.

Abstract – abstract

Export – export

Object – object

Present – present

Record – record

IV. Weak Forms

Certain well-known English words can be pronounced in two different ways, they can have strong forms and weak forms. Almost all these words belong to a category that may be called function words. These function words are words such as auxiliary verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, all of which are in certain circumstances pronounced in their strong forms but which are more frequently pronounced in their weak forms.