- •Introduction
- •Unit I. The Gerund What is the Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle I and the Verbal Noun?
- •Grammatical categories of the Gerund
- •Syntactical functions of the Gerund
- •Unit II. Gerundial Constructions
- •Unit III. The Participle I
- •Grammatical categories of the Participle I
- •Syntactical functions of the Participle I
- •The Functions of the Participle II in the Sentence
- •1. Attribute.
- •Unit IV. Participle II (Past Participle)
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •Parenthesis
- •Dangling or Misrelated Participle
- •Unit V. Constructions with the Participle
- •The Objective Participial Construction (opc)
- •The Subjective Participial Construction (spc)
- •The Absolute Participial Construction (apc)
- •Unit VI. Participle I or Participle II Review Exercises
- •Unit VII. The Infinitive
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •The Particle “to”.
- •The use of the infinitive without the particle “to” (The bare infinitive)
- •The Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive.
- •2A. The infinitive as part of a predicative.
- •Phrasal.
- •5. The infinitive as attribute
- •The infinitive as adverbial modifier
- •The infinitive as parenthesis.
- •Revision
- •Unit VIII. Infinitive Constructions
- •The objective with the infinitive construction
- •Ways of translating the construction into Russian
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •Revision
- •Review of Non-Finite Forms
- •Список литературы
- •153003, Г.Иваново, ул. Рабфаковская, 34.
The Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive.
In the sentence the infinitive may be used in any syntactical function, but that of the predicate; the infinitive can form only part of the predicate. Thus, the infinitive may be used as:
1) the subject
2) a predicative (part of a compound nominal predicate)
2a) part of a predicative
3) part of a verbal predicate
4) an object
5) an attribute
6) an adverbial modifier
7) a parenthesis
When used as some part of the sentence the infinitive in most cases combines with other words (such as adverbs, nouns, pronouns). Taken together they form an infinitive phrase which functions and is treated as one whole.
To know everything is to know nothing.
To know everything is an infinitive used in the function of the subject.
To know nothing is an infinitive phrase used in the function of a predicative.
Table 6. Functions of the Infinitive
Function |
Examples |
Translation |
1) the subject |
To lie is not my habit. |
Не в моих привычках врать. |
It takes all sorts to make the world. |
Мир состоит из самых разных людей. |
|
2)a predicative |
His aim was to be in command of the situation. |
Его целью было управлять ситуацией. |
2a) part of a predicative |
This book is easy to discuss. |
Эту книгу легко обсуждать. |
3) part of a compound verbal predicate |
Things might improve. |
Возможно, все уладится. |
He seemed never to read criticism. |
Казалось, он никогда не читает критические статьи. |
|
4) an object |
Learn to obey before you command. |
Прежде чем командовать, научитесь слушаться. |
5) an attribute |
I’ve got nothing to lose. |
Мне нечего терять. |
6) an adverbial modifier |
He stirred the fire to get warmer. |
Он помешал дрова в камине, чтобы согреться. |
7) a parenthesis |
To begin with, I don’t understand you. |
Прежде всего, я Вас не понимаю. |
The infinitive as subject
As the subject of the sentence the infinitive can either
precede the predicate or
follow it.
To forget the past seemed impossible. – Казалось, невозможно забыть прошлое.
The case when the infinitive-subject follows the predicate is more common in modern English.
It would certainly be much better not to speak to him at all. – Конечно, гораздо лучше было бы не разговаривать с ним вовсе.
It was not easy to answer the question. – На этот вопрос было нелегко ответить.
In the latter case the sentence begins with the introductory subject “it”, which is a formal subject and is not translated into Russian. The predicate in such sentences is mostly compound nominal expressed by a link verb and an adjective-predicative or more seldom a noun-predicative:
It |
is was will be seems |
Useless (un)necessary interesting important difficult easy hard (not)safe dangerous good bad
a pleasure a surprise a necessity a waste of time a misfortune a shock |
to discuss this point
to listen to such music
to see you again |
Ex. 11. Translate into English using an infinitive as subject. Underline the notional subject in the sentences with the introductory “it”.
Курить так вредно, но он никак не может бросить.
Говорить с ней – одно удовольствие.
Соблюдение диеты – необходимость, а не каприз.
Было невыносимо слышать, как они ссорятся каждый день.
Интересно сходить на эту выставку.
Бесполезно убеждать его не разводиться с ней.
Трудно поверить в то, что он вернулся.
Небезопасно оставаться там на ночь.
Идти на этот спектакль – пустая трата времени.
The infinitive as predicative
In this function the infinitive is part of a compound nominal predicate and follows the link verb to be as a rule.
Not to warn him was to let him down. – Не предостеречь его означало подвести его.
The subject of such a compound nominal predicate is generally expressed either:
by another infinitive or
by a noun denoting an action, a state or some vague idea or
by a clause
To see her is to admire her. – Видеть ее - значит восхищаться ею.
My habit is to get up early. – У меня привычка – рано вставать.
What we want to do is to see our friends. – Чего нам хочется, так это повидаться с друзьями.
In this function the infinitive may be introduced by the conjunctions or conjunctive pronouns or adverbs what, whom, where, when, how which together with the infinitive form a conjunctive infinitive phrase:
The problem The question The thing
|
was is |
what to do whom (who) to look for where to find him when to start how to do it |
Ex. 12. Translate the sentences into English using an infinitive or an infinitive phrase as predicative.
Единственное, что можно сделать, это отправиться к морю.
Мой совет – забыть его как можно скорее.
Главная проблема в их жизни – где заработать деньги.
Ее хобби – собирать старинные монеты и этикетки.
Вопрос в том, как добраться до виллы.
Что мне пришлось сделать, так это продать свою любимую картину.
Их обязанность состоит в том, чтобы присматривать за домом.
Наш план состоял в том, чтобы разыскать его отца.
