1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

architecture, paradigm, consensus, control, elite, concept, resident, technique, destruction, subsidize, construct, social, uniform, concen­trate. zoning, management, result, style, material.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

industrialized city — промышленный город;

garden city — город-сад;

model town — образцовый город;

skyscraper-building techniques — техника строительства небо­скрёбов;

elimination of congestion - - уничтожение/устранение скученности; freeway — автомагистраль, автострада;

to subsidize housing blocks — субсидировать строительство жи­лых кварталов;

prominent example— яркий пример;

to fall into decline — приходить в упадок;

to demolish — сносить, разрушать;

diversity— многообразие, разнообразие;

growth management — управление развитием/ростом;

system of prohibitions and guidance — система запретов и указаний;

initial plan — исходный план.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. Modern History of Town Planning

Part One

[In the developed countries of Western Europe, North America, japan, and Australasia, planning and architecture can be said to have gone through various paradigms or stages of consensus in the last 200 years.]⁰ Firstly, there was the industrialized city of the 19^th century, where building was largely controlled by businesses and wealthy elites. Around 1900, a movement began for providing citizens, espe­cially factory workers, with healthier environments. The concept of the garden city arose and several model towns were built in UK.

were small in size, typically providing for a few thousand residents.

In the 1920s, the idea of modernism began to surface in urban planning. [Based on the ideas of Le Corbusier and using new skyscra- per-building techniques, the modernist city stood for the elimination of disorder, congestion, and the small scale, replacing them with preplanned and widely spaced freeways and tower blocks set within gardens.]⁰ No large-scale plans were implemented until after World War II, however. Throughout the late 1940s and 1950s, housing short­ages caused by wartime destruction led many cities to subsidize hous­ing blocks. Planners used the opportunity to implement the modernist ideal of towers surrounded by gardens. The most prominent example of an entire modernist city is Brasilia in Brazil, constructed between 1956 and 1960.

(1 150 п.зн.)

Part Two

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, many planners felt that modern­ism's clean lines and lack of human scale sapped vitality from the community, blaming them for high crime rates and social problems. Modernist planning fell into decline in the 1970s when the construc­tion of cheap, uniform tower blocks ended in most countries. Since then many have been demolished and replaced by other housing types. [Rather than attempting to eliminate all disorder, planning now con­centrates on individualism and diversity in society and the economy; this is the post-modernist era.]°

Nowadays, planners can help manage the growth of cities, apply­ing tools like zoning and growth management to control the uses of land. [Historically, many of the cities now thought the most beautiful are the result of dense, long lasting systems of prohibitions and guid­ance about building sizes, uses and features.]⁰ These allowed substan­tial freedoms, yet enforce styles, safety, and often materials in practic­

al ways. Many conventional planning techniques are being repack­aged using the contemporary term smart growth

There are some cities that ha\e been planned from conception, and while the results often don't turn out quite as planned, evidence of the initial plan remains. (1050 п.зн.)

4. Укажите предложения, не соответствующие содержанию текста.

К Town planning and architecture have gone through various stages of consensus in the last 200 years. 2. The initial plan concept adds to the idea of smart city growth. 3. Many large-scale plans were imple­mented just after World War II. 4. The concept of the garden city arose around 1900 to provide citizens with healthier environment.

4. Housing shortages caused by wartime destruction led many cities to subsidize housing blocks. 6. Modernist planning nourished in the 1970s. Tools like zoning and growth management can help manage the growth of cities and uses of land.

   5. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

• Using new skyscraper-building techniques, the modernist city...

• Brasilia in Brazil is the most...

• Planning now concentrates on...

• Many of the cities considered to be the most beautiful are the result of...

• Many conventional planning techniques are being repack­aged...

  6. Составьте план текста.

  7. Перескажите текст в соответствии с планом. TEXT С

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

human, cluster, citadel, organic, landscape, grand, tendency, monu­mental. complex, colony, recreational, profession, industrialization, reform, concentrate, ideal, context, direct.