III. Vocabulary and Speech Exercises

I. Read the following transcriptions. Write them in words and give their Ukrainian equivalents.

[q"mPksI'sIlIn], ['kefleks], ["sqfq'leksIn], [I"rITrqV'mIsIn], [klq"rITrqV'mIsIn], [baI'xksIn], ["sIprq'flPksqsIn], ["levq'flPksqsIn], ['flPksIn], ["kqVtrI'mPksqzqVl], [traI'meTqprIm], [sH'maIsIn], ["dPksIsaI'klIn], ["vaIbrq'mIsIn], ["Gentq'mIsIn], ["gxrq'mIsIn], ["tP'brxmIsIn], ["zITrqV'mxks].

ІІ. What words from the active vocabulary may convey the following meanings.

1. A genus of aerobic to facultatively anaerobic gram-negative bacteria that are pathogenic in humans and animals.

2. An infectious systemic disease that may be either congenital or acquired through sexual contact or contaminated needles.

3. A viral infection of the upper respiratory system, including the nose, throat, sinuses, Eustachian tubes, trachea, larynx, and bronchial tubes.

4. A serious inflammation of the meninges, the thin, membranous covering of the brain and the spinal cord.

5. Any of various filamentous fungi, generally a circular colony having a woolly or furry appearance, that grow on the surface of organic matter and contribute to its disintegration.

6. A fungal infection of the skin, nails, and hair caused primarily by dermatophytes, symptoms of which include inflammation, patching, and scaling of lesions.

7. Microscopic examination of a portion of a bacterial colony or sample from an infection site after it has been stained by special stains.

8. A potentially fatal contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungs.

ІІІ. Support or challenge the following statements.

1. The development of antibiotics is probably the largest advance in medicine in the 20^th century, and has saved millions of lives worldwide from infections such as TB.

2. The first antibiotic was discovered by Avicenna in 1027 in a significant breakthrough for medical science.

3. Antibiotics are effective against infections caused by viruses.

4. Antibiotic drugs either kill bacteria (these are known as bacteriostatic) or stop bacterial growth, allowing the immune system to deal with the infection (these are known as bactericidal).

5. Most antibiotics have 2 names, the trade name and the chemical name.

6. The choice of antibiotic depends on the type of bacteria, the site of infection, the general health of the individual and any history of allergic reaction to antibiotics.

7. Bacteria are capable of developing resistance to a previously effective antibiotic drug.

8. One of the most prevalent and unstoppable myths about antibiotics is that they can cure a common cold.

IV. Fill in the gaps with suitable words or word combinations given in brackets below. Discuss the text with your fellow-students.

Antibiotic drugs can literally save _______________ and are effective in treating illnesses caused by _______________ infections when appropriately used. However, like all drugs, they have the potential to cause undesirable __________________. Many of these side effects are not _______________, although they can make life miserable while the drug is being taken.

Most antibiotic drugs have the potential to cause nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea because they alter the normal balance of beneficial ________________ that live in the intestine. Alteration of this _______________ between certain types of bacteria and fungi in the body may also cause proliferation of particular yeasts in the body, causing thrush in the mouth, intestine or vagina. Antibiotics may also cause _____________ rashes.

If you develop side effects, it is not wise just to stop ____________ the antibiotic. You should ______________ your doctor to discuss whether specific treatment of the side effects is needed or whether you should be changed to another antibiotic to treat the initial ___________________ .

(Side effects, bacteria, skin, dangerous, infection, balance, consult, bacterial, taking, lives).