Adverbial modifier of:

• Time and frequency – e.g. He rose at dawn.

• Place and direction – e.g. He went south.

• Manner and attendant circumstances (сопутствующие обстоятельства) – e.g. He talked to her slowly choosing his words.

• Cause – e.g. Her eyes were red from want to sleep.

• Purpose – e.g. He set the alarm clock to get up at seven.

• Result – e.g. The task was too difficult to cope with in a day.

• Condition – e.g. He always came if invited.

• Concession (уступка) – e.g. They managed in the end, in spite of great difficulties.

• Degree – e.g. She is awfully nice.

3. The problem of the attribute.

The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property.

The attribute can either precede or follow the noun it modifies. Accordingly we use terms prepositive and postpositive attribute. The position of an attribute with respect to its head word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself, and partly on stylistic factors.

The size of the prepositive attributive phrase can be large in ME. Whatever is included between the article and the noun, is apprehended as an attribute.

??? Is the attribute a secondary part of the sentence standing on a footing of equality with the object and the adverbial modifier, or is it a unit of a lower rank? Is the attribute a constituent of the sentence, or does it belong to the level of phrases?

History only emerged in the 18^th century as a literary art…

1. In the century is an adverbial modifier of time; 18^th is an attribute, the 2 secondary parts of the sentence stand on the same syntactical level.

2. In the 18^th century is an adverbial modifier of time and is a secondary member of the sentence, modifying the predicate verb emerged; 18^th is part of that adverbial modifier, which is expressed by a phrase, and it is a part of the phrase not a sentence.

3. As an art is a part of the sentence, a predicative; literary is another part, namely, an attribute.

4. As a literary art is a part of the sentence, namely, a predicative, literary is part of the predicative, not a separate part of the sentence. It stands on the phrase level.

4. Extensions (распространение), connectives (соединительное слово), specifiers (признак), parenthetical elements.

Apposition – a word or a phrase referring to a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, and giving some other designation to the person or thing named by that noun, e.g. For a moment, Melanie thought how nice Captain Butler was.

??? Is it a part of the sentence or a phrase?

Parenthesis – words and phrases which have no syntactical ties with the sentence, and express the speaker’s attitude towards what he says, a general assessment of the statement, or an indication of its sources, its connection with other statements, or with a wider context in speech.

Хаймович, Роговская:

Extensions – adjuncts of adjectives, adverbs and adlinks in a sentence. They differ from complements and attributes in being usually modifiers of modifiers, or tertiaries (Jespersen), e.g. The creature’s eyes were alight with a somber frenzy.

Connectives – linking-words considered as a secondary aprt of the sentence. They are mostly prepositions and conjunctions, e.g. She played and sang to him. They usually connect 2 words both or neither of which might be regarded as their head-words. The words they connect belong to various parts of speech.

Specifiers – not adjuncts of definite parts of speech like complements, attributes or extensions. They do not link any part of the sentence like connectives. They are not parenthetical elements. So they make a distinct secondary part of the sentence. The name just indicates the function, e.g. I was only brilliant once.