E,g, yellowest-brownest

Special attention should be paid to expressive synonyms of the English adjective, which are represented by such stylistically marked structures as: A of N blue of eye blue-eyed with blue eyes

kind of heart kind-hearted with a kind heart

N1 ofN₂ He felt lost, alone there in the room with that pale spirit of a woman (J. London).

"of-phrase" (prepositional attribute)

A tree of memories, which would live on hundreds of years yet.

18. To conv. words we refer colloquial words, general slang words special slang words (social and professional jargons), vulgarisms and dialectal words.According to their usage colloquial words may be divided into three big groups: 1) literary colloquial (used in fiction) start-go on, bite-meal; 2) familiar colloquial (mainly used by young and semi-educated people. – doc-doctor, ta-ta - bye); 3) low colloquial (used in illiterate popular speech)

Apart from general colloquial words used by all speakers of the language in their everyday comm-n, such special subgroups may be mentioned: slang, jargomsms, vulgarisms, dialectal words.

Slang words and phrases are, as a rule, emotionally colored, often figurative units (to take stock in - to be interested in, bread-basket - a stomach, rot - nonsense). We can distinguish between two varieties of slang: general slang (interjargon) and special slangs (social as well as professional jargons).

Jargonisms - words from specialized vocabularies created by society subgroups. Jargonisms should not be confused with the so-called professionalisms. These are words connected with productive activities of people. Only the members of a certain professional group understand professionalisms.

19. Vulgarisms are the words which are not generally used in public, express ideas considered unmentionable in civilized society. E. G. Damn, a phony slob etc.

Dialectal words ('ud - would, im - him, 'aseen - have seen) are used to intensify the emotive and expressive colouring of speech which is determined by the peculiarities of social or geogr environment. Dialectal words are deprived of any stylistic meaning in regional dialects, but used outside of them; carry a strong flavour of the region where they belong to. Thus conv. words of all kinds are widely used for stylistic purposes. There are four speech spheres in which they are mostly used: everyday speech, newspaper language, poetry, and fiction.

21.Articles may impart stylistic colouring to the noun. There are some ways of achieving stylistic effect through the usage or non-usage of articles:

1) the use of the indefinite article with the nouns denoting unique objects (sun, moon, sky, earth) adds emphasis and vividness to the description:

2) the indefinite article with proper names might acquire evaluative meaning: e.g. an England safe in the air

3) the indefinite article combined with names of persons may denote:

a) one representative of a family: Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day labourer."(W. Faulkner);

b) a person unknown to the communicants; a certain Mr Hyde

c) a temporary feature of character:That day Jane was different. It was a silly Jane

4) the definite article used with proper names indicates a temporary or permanent quality of the person in question:

The repeated use of the definite article intensifies the expressive colouring of nouns as in:

The waiting - the hope - the disappointment - the fear - the misery - the poverty - the blight of his hopes, and the end to his career - the suicide perhaps, of the shabby, slip-shod drunkard (Ch. Dickens).

4. THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE can be significantly more precise. Written words can be chosen with greater deliberation and thought. These attributes of writing are possible because the pace of involvement is controlled by both the writer and the reader. The writer can write and rewrite at great length, a span of time which in some cases can be measured in years. Similarly, the reader can read quickly or slowly or even stop to think about what he or she has just read. More importantly, the reader always has the option of re-reading; even if that option is not exercised, its mere possibility has an effect upon a reader's understanding of a text.

Written speech implies the absence of feedback from the interlocutor. In addition, the written language does not have any additional means of influence on the recipient, except the words themselves, their order and organize sentence punctuation.

ORAL COMMUNICATION can be significantly more effective in expressing meaning to an audience. Oral communication uses words with fewer syllables than the written language, the sentences are shorter, and self-referencing pronouns such as “I” are common. Oral communication also allows incomplete sentences if delivered properly, and many sentences will begin with "and," "but," and "except."

23.

The verb is semantically and stylistically the richest part of speech in the English language. The sense independence of the verbs is so big that even a chain of verbs can create a text.

The stylistic functions of the verb are realized through the use of grammatical categories of aspect, tense, voice.

Each functional style and even substyle can be distinguished by the predominant usage of certain verbal forms.

There are only few purely stylistically marked forms of the verb in English:

• archaic verb forms such as: doth - does, hath – has

• stylistically marked regional verbal forms of the Past Indefinite that emphatically mark negation: she saw not = she didn't see

• negative forms of the Imperative Mood without an auxiliary verb do: Touch not!

• inverted constructions of modal verbal predicate: marry him you must.

Phraseological unit / set expression / idiom – a complex word-equivalent in which the globality of nomination reigns supreme over the formal separability of elements. It is reproduced in speech. –See Idiom proper