6. The renaissance

The first fine translations into English were made in the 14th century by Geoffrey Chaucer.

The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation.

Marsilio Ficino

Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation.

The Romans

The views of both Cicero and Horace on translation were to have great influence on successive generations of translators, and both discuss translation within the wider context of the two main functions of the poet: the universal human duty of acquiring and disseminating wisdom and the special art of making and shaping a poem.

Both Horace and Cicero, in their remarks on translation, make an important distinction between word for word translation and sense for sense translation.

Roman translation may therefore be perceived as unique in that it arises from a vision of literary production.

The apparent licence of Roman translators, much quoted in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, must therefore be seen in the context of the overall system in which that approach to translation was applied

7. 17Th-19th centuries

In the second half of the 17th century, the poet John Dryden sought to make Virgilspeak "in words such as he would probably have written if he were living and an Englishman".

Throughout the 18th century, the watchword(гасло заклик) of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted.

The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text".

8. Franko (1856-1916) was the first in the Ukrainian literature to demonstrate the unparalleled translation professionalism.

Franko translated English poerty ,German ,French ,Latin ,Old Greek, Italian and others.

Franko was the first to translate Eastern authors.

He translated ancient literature. Much attention is paid to French translations of immortal Homer's poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey."

Most significant work of Franko the interpreter is the "Faust" Goethe.

Ivan Franko translated into Ukrainian works of 200 authors from 14 languages and 37 national literatures.