54. William Shakespeare and the national literary language.

William Shakespeare's influence extends from theatre and literature to present-day movies and the English language itself. Shakespeare transformed European theatre by expanding expectations about what could be accomplished through characterization, plot, language and genre. Shakespeare's writings have also influenced a large number of notable novelists and poets over the years. Shakespeare is the second-most-quoted writer in the history of the English-speaking world, and many of his quotations and neologisms have passed into everyday usage in English and other languages.

When William Shakespeare began writing his plays, the English language was rapidly absorbing words from other languages due to wars, exploration, diplomacy and colonization. By the age of Elizabeth, English had become widely used with the expansion of philosophy, theology and physical sciences.

Shakespeare's writings greatly influenced the entire English language. During Shakespeare's time, the grammar and rules of English were not fixed. But once Shakespeare's plays became popular in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century, they helped contribute to the standardization of the English language, with many Shakespearean words and phrases becoming embedded in the English language.

Literary language is a register that is used in literary criticism and general discussion on some literary work. For much of its history there has been a distinction in the English language between an elevated literary language and a colloquial language. After the Norman conquest of England, for instance, Latin and French displaced English as the official and literary languages and Standard literary English did not emerge until the end of the Middle Ages. At this time and into the renaissance, the practice of aureation (the introduction of terms from classical languages, often through poetry) was an important part of the reclamation of status for the English language, and many historically aureate terms are now part of general common usage. Modern English no longer has quite the same distinction between literary and colloquial registers.

55. Development of the English vocabulary in me.

Large-scale borrowing of new words often had serious consequences for the meanings and the stylistic register of those words which survived from Old English. Eventually, various new stylistic layers emerged in the lexicon, which could be employed for a variety of different purposes.

Vocabulary of Middle English was influenced by many tongues, but the most significant source at that time was French. It is assumed that about 10,000 words with French origin were borrowed, along with some affixes. About three-fourths of those words are still in use today, such as: baron, coroner, court, sir in administration, ambush, battle, combat in military, and many more in different spheres of life. Apart from that, words were also borrowed from Latin, especially words relating to science: scribe, index, essence, discuss, religion: requiem, rosary, memento, but also general words: picture, reject, substitute. Other languages also contributed to the Middle English lexis, but to a lesser extent, such as Persian words connected with chess: chess, rook, check.