7. What is diphtheria, its cause, way of transmission, symptoms, treatment and complications?

Diphtheria – is acute contagious bacterial disease characterized by the formation of pseudomembrane on the mucosa of the respiratory tract.

Usually caused by carunobacterium diphtheria and spread by infected secretions of the nose and throat expelled by the sick person. Milk and food can also be the carrier of the diphtheria disease.

Symptoms – sore throat, elevation of the temperature, fatigue, difficulty in swallowing and signs of toxemia, edema of the pharynx and larynx, obstructs breathing. The lymphs glands of the neck enlarge and in sever cases the whole neck can be swollen and “bull neck” appear.

Treatment –

8. What is tuberculosis? What are its form?

Tuberculosis or TB is an infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can be pulmonary ( the most common form) and extrapulmonary (affect the organs outside the lungs \brain, bones, lymphatic system\

Pulmonary subdivided into:

• Primary tuberculosis pneumonia

• Tuberculosis pleurisy

• Cavitary TB

• Military TB

• Laryngeal TB

9. Describe the clinical picture of the tuberculosis and its treatment.

Clinical picture is – slight cough, loss of appetite, fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, night sweats and a slight rise of temperature.

Treatment is difficult. In latent form usually use a single antibiotic, while in active form is best treated with combination of several antibiotics, to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. (Rifampicin and isoniazid)

AIDS

10. What is AIDS? What is AIDS caused by?

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) – one of the most serious problem humanity have ever met. It’s virus disease caused by HIV virus ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus). HIV is referred to a Retrovirus family and has two strains: HIV 1 and HIV 2 (HIV2 – less dangerous)

11. When was AIDS first diagnosed? When was it cause found and whom by?

AIDA was first diagnosed on late 70s as unusual cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma (a tumor of a blood vessel walls) and pneumocystic pneumonia (caused by protista) and on 1981 it appear as AIDS itself as we know it now (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

In 1983 in France and on 1984 in USA the cause was finally find by Robert Gallo and Luke Montagnier. They discovered HIV virus.

12. What cells does HIV afflict in the human body?

HIV virus affects the target cells (T4-lymphocities, macrophages, neural tissue cells) – who contain special receptive CD4 protein – antigen. An affected cells begin to produce new generation of virus particles so the disease is spread.

13. How many periods are there in the AIDS flow and what are they?

There are 6 periods:

Fisrt is the infection with the virus from ill or infected person;

Second – incubation period ( 2-3 weeks);

Third – acute AIDS (2-3 weeks), during this period inflammation of the airways, allergy, mononucleosis may appear;

Fourth – latent, hidden period (3-5 years, but can last till 15 years);

Fifth – pre-AIDS period (cough, lymphoadenopathia, fever, night sweats);

Sixth – AIDS itself – one slowly dies of any casual infection