7. What is diphtheria, its cause, way of transmission, symptoms, treatment and complications?

Diphtheria is a contagious bacterial disease characterized by the formation of fibrinous pseudomembrane upon the mucosa usually of the respiratory tract. Disease caused by Corunebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria is spread chiefly by infected secretions of the nose and throat expelled by persons who have the disease in a preclinical or postclinical phase. Milk or other food may serve as a carrier of diphtheria organisms. The symptoms are: small elevation of temperature, sore throat, edema of the pharynx and others. Fore treatment this disease, first of all, patient must bee isolated, then using antitoxic serum, therapy of detoxifications and prescribe different antibiotics. The complications of diphtheria are: disorders of the nervous system, paralysis the vocal cords and airways and myocarditis.

8. What is tuberculosis? What are its forms?

Tuberculosis or TB is a very dangerous infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was first isolated in 1882 by a German physician named Robert Koch who received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. First of all it can be active ore latent. Tuberculosis divided as to pulmonary and extrapulmonary,

8. Describe the clinical picture of tuberculosis and its treatment.

All cases of TB are passed from person to person via droplets. When someone with TB infection coughs, sneezes, or talks, tiny droplets of saliva expelled into the air, which can be inhaled by another person. One cant get TB by just touching the clothes or shaking the hands of someone who is infected. The symptoms of TB are: slight cough, loss of appetite, fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion (зусилля), night sweats and a slight rise of temperature. Diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), a tuberculin skin test, blood test, as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of bodily fluids. The patient with TB must sent immediately to a tuberculosis dispensary. Treatment is difficult and requires long courses of multiple antibiotics.

8. What is AIDS? What is AIDS caused by?

AIDS it is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome – the most serious problems humanity has ever met. The caused of AIDS is HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

8. When was AIDS first diagnosed? When was its cause found and whom by?

The AIDS was first diagnosed in 1981 in the USA. The caused of AIDS was found in 1984 by Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo.

8. What cells does HIV afflict in the human body?

The virus affects its target cells (T4-lymphocytes, macrophages, neural tissue cells) – the ones containing a special receptive CD4 protein-antigens.

8. How many periods are there in the AIDS flow and what are they?

There are 6 periods in AIDS flow. The first is infection with the virus, the second is incubation and lasts for 2 or 3 weeks. The third period is a so-called acute AIDS. The fourth is latent or hidden period. The fifth is pre-AIDS and the sixth is AIDS itself – one slowly dies of any casual infection or invasion.

8. What are the ways of getting AIDS virus into the human body?

The virus can come with infected blood or blood preparations, needles, sexual way, way through placenta, milk and delivery waters.

8. What rules should one follow to reduce the risk of infection with AIDS?

First of all we must remember the gold rules: fewer sexual partners, less risk. And using only sterile needles in medical practices are very important.

8. What are you know about AIDS treatment?

Unfortunately for these drugs are currently no, but doctors are trying to use more and more drugs to alleviate the condition of these patients.

8. What is the structure of the cardiovascular system? Name the main organs of the system, describe their anatomy.

The cardio-vascular system consist of: heart, large veins and arteries, capillaries and arterioles. The main organs of this system are: hard and aorta. The hart consist of two atria and two ventricles. Aortic wall consists of three layers, the most advanced of which is a layer of elastic fibers.

8. Speak on the heart and its structure.

The heart is a muscular organ that has three membranes: endocardium, myocardium and pericardium. It consists of two atria and two ventricles, which contain each partition. Also heart contains extensive network of nerve fibers.

8. Describe the blood circulation in the human body.

In humans emit small and large circulatory system. Small circulatory system ensures the exchange of gases in the lungs, and a large oxygen supply of the body. Small circulatory system begins with the right ventricle, and ends in the left atrium. Large circulatory system starts from the left ventricle and ends in the right atrium.

8. What are the phases of heartbeat?

The phases of heartbeat are: systole - contraction of heart muscle and diastole - its relaxation. Between cycles which have a small break.

8. Name and define the most common cardio-vascular diseases.

The most common cardiovascular diseases are: hypertonic or hypotonic disease, angina pectoris , aortic insufficiency and myocardial infarction. In most cases, hypertonic or hypotonic disease are the outcome of the anatomical structures of the heart or great vessels, and angina pectoris is a signal of the initial oxygen deficiency in heart cells. Myocardial infarction - a life-threatening disease caused by the death of muscle cells of the heart.

8. What is myocardial infarction? What may be the cause of it?

Myocardial infarction - a life-threatening disease, manifested severe pain and damage to the muscular layer of the heart that can lead to death of the patient. The causes of the disease are: thrombosis, smoking, eating fatty foods, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol abuse, concomitant diseases, and genetic predisposition.

8. What are the most characteristic complaints in myocardial infarction?

The most characteristic complaints in myocardial infarction are: unbearable pain in heart and in left hand, an increase or decrease pulse and blood pressure, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, sometimes possible loss of consciousness.

8. What are the most prominent symptoms of hypertension?

The most prominent symptoms of hypertension are: headache, dizziness, flushing, nasal bleeding, nausea.

8. What are the most frequent complications of hypertension?

The most frequent complications of hypertension are: bleeding in the retina, myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, cardiac tamponade, stroke.

8. What is the difference in clinical picture of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris?

The pain of angina pectoris is not as strong as in myocardial infarction, the second - it lasts no more than ten minutes and removed taking nitroglycerin. Unlike angina pectoris myocardial infarction causes irreversible changes in the heart and can lead to death.

8. What measures should one take to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases?

First of all, people need to live a healthy lifestyle that includes the fight against smoking, alcohol and excessively fatty foods. Perform sports exercises and consult with doctors.

8. How to arrest angina pectoris attack?

In this cases need to calm the patient, give it a comfortable posture and fresh air, give nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue and measure blood pressure. If after ten minutes the pain persists, you need to begin action to prevent myocardial infarction.

8. What is the treatment of myocardial infarction?

Treatment of myocardial infarction is aimed at reducing the area damaged heart wall, restoring the functions and control of complications. For this purpose, the following medications: nitroglycerin, heparin and morphine in severe pain.

35. Describe the process of digestion.

Digestion is the process of converting complex to simple food. This process begins in the mouth with a partial processing carbohydrates. The process continues in the stomach, where the added processing of fats and proteins. In the intestinal absorption of water and other nutrients. Undigested remains and toxins are excreted through the rectum.

D