Richard Wilton

Currently a fellow in the Medical Informatics program at the University of California, Los Angeles, Richard Wilton (born in 1953) earned a M.D. from UCLA and completed his residency in pediatrics at the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles. He has been programming computers since the late 1960s and has worked with IBM mainframes as well as with various microcomputers. Wilton has written about IBM PC and PS/2 program­ming for BYTE, Computer language, and The Seybold Outlook on Pro­fessional Computing. He is the author of Programmer's Guide to PC and PS/2 Video Systems, published by Microsoft Press.

6 Answer these questions. If possible, ask someone else the same questions.

1. How many years is Peter Norton older than Richard Wilton?

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2. What is Wilton by profession?

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3. How long has he been programming?

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4. What journals has he written for?

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5. Does Wilton programming have any links with his original profession?

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Lesson 9 The Internet

1. Read and memorize the following words.

to embrace – охоплювати;

to survive – перенести, пережити;

path – стежка;

available – доступний;

packet switching - комутація пакунків;

оwing – внаслідок;

to knock out – вибити;

host computer – вузловий комп’ютер;

fairly – об’єктивно;

routers – маршрутизатори;

accurately – безпомилково;

Usenet - система телеконференцій Internet ( NetNews );

FTS - Federal Telephone System федеральна телефонна система;

telnet - базова послуга в мережі, що дозволяє абоненту Internet дистанційно підключатися до інших віддалених станцій та працювати з ними зі своєї машини;

Gopher - одна з груп новин в Usenet, розробленна в 1991 г. в Університеті штату Міннесота;

reliable – надійний;

hourly – погодинно;

fee – платня;

drastically –рішуче;

garment – одяг;

to refine – покращити, вдосконалити;

skilled – кваліфікований;

inexpensive – недорогий;

computer-aided-design - допоміжні засоби автоматизованого проектування;

running – робочий стан;

to intercept – перехопити;

to encoding – шифрувати, кодувати;

2. In our age of rapid scientific progress and scientific discoveries electronic computing is becoming a branch of economy. It serves as the foundation of economic and engineering progress. Research is impossible without computers. "The Internet" has an important influence on our daily lives. Will it be important in helping people from different countries to learn English?

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the word, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide.

The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.

In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: an user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.

But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled – but inexpensive – Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.

However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data are constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. «in the clear». But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved.

3 Make up sentences.

The Internet The most popular Internet service The messages Commercial users Some banks and companies

is can

- travel through many different network and computers, - communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world, - a global computer network, - e-mail, - conduct transaction over the Internet.

4. Are the sentences true of false? Correct the false sentences.

1. In many developing countries the Internet may provide business men with telecommunication systems in their countries.

2. An user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee for sending e-mail massage over the Internet long distances.

3. When you send an e-mail message to somebody it can't travel through many different network and computers.

4. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available all the information is transmitted.

5. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked during the Gulf War.

6. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the

Internet.

7. There are no any problems which will take time to be resolved.

5. Answer the question; if possible, ask someone else the same questions.

1. What is the Internet?

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2. What was the Internet originally designed for?

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3. What country are most of the Internet host computers in?

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4. What is the most popular Internet service?

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5. Whom do you have to pay for sending e-mail massages?

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6. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words:

1. The store ........................ a numerical quantities and data which are to be processed. (contains, concludes, consists of)

2. The arithmetic unit normally ........................the operation of addition, subtraction. multiplication and division and certain other special operations. (performs, carries out, carry)

3. The input and output devices are to supply information and to........................it from the computer. (obtain, receive, get)

4. Computers are a million times ........................than humans in performing computing operation. (faster, quicker, rapid)

5. The number of electronic computers used in any given field of human activity is sometimes believed to........................the degree of its modernity. (indicate, show, testify)

7. Translate the sentences info English.

1. Мережа Інтернет була розроблена для того щоб пережити ядерну війну.

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2. Хоча кількість вузлових комп'ютерів може бути розрахована досить вірно, ніхто не знає, скільки людей використовують Інтернет.

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3. Більшість людей, які мають доступ в Інтернет, використовують мережу тільки для того, щоб відіслати або отримати повідомлення електронною поштою.

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4. Коли вони відсилають повідомлення електронною поштою, то вони повинні платити тільки за телефонні дзвінки своїм місцевим провайдерам.

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5. Коли люди бачать, що можуть отримувати гроші з Інтернету, то комерційне використання цієї мережі зростає.

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6. Найбільша проблема Інтернету - проблема безпеки.

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7. Не дивлячись на те, що існує велика кількість потужних кодових програм, майже вся інформація, яку відсилають через Інтернет, передасться без будь-якої форми кодування, тобто в чистому вигляді.

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