- •1. Parts of language. Grammar as a part of language
- •2. Morphology and Syntax as parts of Grammar.
- •3. Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical meaning.
- •4.Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical form
- •5.Main of Grammar. Grammatical category.
- •6. Main notions of Grammar. The morpheme.
- •7.The morphological structure of English words.
- •8.Morphological analysis of words.(смотреть вопрос 7)
- •9.Criteria of classifying words into parts of speech. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •10.The English noun as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •11.The English noun. The category of number.
- •12.The English noun. The category of case.
- •13.The English noun. The problem of the category of gender.
- •14.The English adjective as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •15.The English adjective. The problem of the number of forms of degrees of comparison.
- •16.The English adjective. The problem of analytical forms of comparison.
- •17. Conversion.
- •18.The English verb as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •19.The English verb. The category of tense.
- •20.The English verb. The category of aspect.
- •Verbs denoting relations:
- •Link-verbs of the seem-type:
- •Verbs of physical perception and mental activity:
- •21.The English verb. The category of order.
- •22.The English verb. The category of voice.
- •23. The category of mood
- •24.The phrase. Principles of classification.
- •25.The phrase. Syntactic relations of words within phrases.
- •26.The sentence as a unit of syntax, its basic properties.
- •27. Principles of classification of sentences.
- •28.Principal parts of the sentence: the subject.
- •29. Principal parts of the sentence: the predicate.
- •30.The semantic structure of the sentence.
- •31.The communicative structure of the sentence. Actual sentence division.
- •32.Predication. Primary and secondary predication.
- •33.Modality and negation as categories of the sentence.
- •34.The compound sentence.
- •35.The complex sentence.
7.The morphological structure of English words.
According to their structure words fall into several groups: a) simple or root-words – those which cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful elements as they consist of a root only (e. g. boy). b) derivatives or complex words – words consisting of a root and some derivational affixes (e. g. girlish). c) compound words – words consisting of two or more roots (e. g. a girl-friend); d) compound derivatives – words consisting not only of two roots but also of some derivational affixes (e. g. light-greenish).
We can say that compounds are sometimes written as single words and sometimes as separate words. But it is usually possible to recognize noun compounds because the stress is on the first component is pronounced more prominently than the second. In non-compounds it is the second element that is stressed.(e. g. blackboard 'a chalkboard used in classrooms,
black board 'a board that is black';
When we analyze the word morphologically we use the method of immediate constituents. A linguistic unit is divided step by step, and at each step of analysis two immediate constituents are obtained.(e. g. un-gentle-man-ly)
The result of this analysis is the structural pattern of the word. Sometimes there are cases of double interpretation.
g. untruly: un-truly or untru-ly.
According to M.Y. Blokh the most common model of the morphemic structure of the English word is: prefix + root + lexical suffix + grammatical suffix. This model falls into two types:
with the original prefixal stem:
W1 = {[Pr + (R + L)] +Gr};
with the original suffixal stem:
W2 = {[(Pr + R) + L] +Gr}.
The internal structure of words is not always easily defined. It is obvious that there is some difference between such words as inept and incompetent. Competent is a free root, while ept is not (it is not an English word). Thus, this suggests the existence of bound stems. Cf.: relig-ion, grate-ful, etc.
Another problem arises when we deal with the words of cranberry-type, because it is impossible to determine the structural status of the word cran. No matter how tempting it is to treat berry as the root, this is not so. If it were so, what could be the structural status of cran- ? It is obviously not a root, nor an affix, nor a free word (it never functions independently). Thus, most linguists call such problematic units exceptional cases, or cranberry morphemes.
A different problem arises with the words such as to receive, to deceive, to conceive and so on. The prefix re- here does not have the meaning 'again' (Cf. to rewrite 'to write again'), nor does the prefix de- have the meaning 'reverse the process of' (Cf. to decode). Thus, it is reasonable to assume that these words are simple and consist of one morpheme.
Units of the type give in, break out can be treated as containing word-morphemes (or semi-bound morphemes) in their structure for they perform the same function as lexico-grammatical prefixes (synthetic elements) in German words (e. g. aufstehen).
But one must keep in mind the difference between shall / will stand and stand up. Shall / will introduce the grammatical meaning of tense while stand up differs from stand for, or stand about / around lexically.
Derivation and compounding are not the only ways of word formation in English though they are the most common.