- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features
- •2. The chronological division of the History of English. General characteristics of the oe language
- •3. Oe dialects. The role of the Wessex dialect
- •4. The Scandinavian Invasion and its effect on English
- •5. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English
- •6. Me dialects. Me major written records. G. Chaucer and his Canterbury Tales
- •7. The formation of the national English language
- •8. The Germanic languages in the modern world, their classification. Their common ancestor
- •9. The Old English alphabets. Oe major written records
- •10. Major spelling changes in me
- •11. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the oe period
- •12. The development of monophthongs in me
- •13. Diphthongs in the History of English
- •14. Quantative changes of vowels in the History of English
- •15. Major vowel changes in ne. Great vowel shift. Vocalisation of [r]
- •16. The oe consonant system. Grimm’s and Verners Laws, treatment of fricatives
- •17. The general features of the oe noun declension system. The peculiarities of the a-, n, r–and root – stem declensions
- •18. Preterite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •19. The anomalous verbs in oe and their further development
- •20. The sources of Modern English verb groups
- •21. Changes in the verb conjugation in me and ne
- •22. The history of the verbal grammatical categories in English
- •23. The rise of analytical forms in the verbal system in me
- •24. The infinitive in the history of English
- •25. The Participle in oe and its further development
- •26. The rise of the Gerund in English
- •27. Causes of changes in the morphological system in me and ne
- •28. Agreement in the History of English
27. Causes of changes in the morphological system in me and ne
The main direction of development for the nominal parts of speech in all the periods of history can be defined as morphological simplification. Simplifying changes began in prehistoric, PG times. They continued at a slow rate during the OE period and were intensified in Early ME. The period between c. 1000 and 1300 has been called an age of Great changes, for it witnessed one of the greatest events in the History of English grammar: the decline and transformation of the nominal morphological system. Some nominal categories were lost – Gender and Case in adjectives, Gender in nouns; the number of forms distinguished in the surviving categorie was reduced – cases in nouns and noun-pronouns, numbers in personal pronouns. Morphological division into types of Declension practically disappeared. In Late ME the adjective lost the last vestigates of the old paradigm: the distinction of number and the distinction of weak and strong forms.
28. Agreement in the History of English
In Old E we find a variety of word phrases. A noun pattern consisted of a noun as the head word and pronouns, adjectives (including verbal adjectives, or participles), numerals and other nouns as determiners and attributes. Most noun modifiers agreed with the noun in gender, number and case. Nouns which served as attributes to other nouns usually had the form of the Gen. case: hwales ban (whale’s bone). Some numerals governed the nouns they modified so that formally the relations were reversed. An adjective pattern could include adverbs, nouns or pronouns in one of the oblique cases with or without prepositions. Verb patterns included a great variety of dependant components: nouns and pronouns in oblique cases with or without prepositions, adverbs, infinitives and participles. Infinitives and participles were often used in verb phrases with verbs of incomplete predication. By Late ME agreement in noun patterns had practically disappeared, except for some instances of agreement in number. Formal markers of number had been preserved in nouns, demonstrative pronouns and some survivals of the strong declension of adjectives. The last traces of agreement in adjectives were lost in the 15th c. when the inflection – e was dropped; only the demonstrative pronouns, the indefinite article and nouns in apposition indicated the number of the head word, like in Mod E. When the adjective had lost its forms of agreement, its relationship with the noun were shown by its position.