Physical properties
Oil consists of a closely related series of complex hydrocarbon compounds that range from gasoline to heavy solids. The various mixtures that constitute crude oil can be separated by distillation under increasing temperatures into such components as gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, lubricating oil, residual fuel oil, bitumen, and paraffin.
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the main two elements of oil? 2. What is percentage proportion of carbon and hydrogen in crude oil? 3. What chemical series can crude oil be grouped into? 4. What does the paraffin series of hydrocarbon comprise? 5. What are the main constituents of gasoline? 6. What can you tell about naphthene series? 7. What is the third most abundant atomic constituent of crude oil? 8. What does the sulfur content in oil depend on? 9. What other elements can be found in crude oil? 10. What are physical properties of oil?
Exercise 4. Some words have different meanings. Circle the word with the closest meaning to the underlined word.
1. The oxygen content of crude oil is usually less than 2% by weight.
a) meaning c) volume
b) proportion d) capacity
2. Oil consists of closely related series of complex hydrocarbon compounds.
a) complicated c) hard
b) difficult d) composite
3. The excess sulfur is removed from crude oil during refining.
a) is moved c) is departed
b) is eliminated d) is transferred
Exercise 5. Put the following sentences into Passive Voice.
1. They have grouped crude oil into three chemical series. 2. They obtain the residues by refining lower-density paraffins. 3. They can remove the excess sulfur from crude oil during refining. 4. They also call the paraffin series of hydrocarbons the methane series.
Exercise 6. Put questions to the underlined words.
1. Crude oil is grouped into three basic chemical series. 2. The paraffin series of hydrocarbons comprises the most common hydrocarbons in crude oil. 3. Sodium chloride also occurs in most crudes. 4. Crude oil may contain a small amount of decay-resistant organic remains.
Exercise 7. Look back into the text and find synonyms for the following words.
1. asphalt; 2. prevalent; 3. to include; 4. component, element; 5. combination, blend, mixing; 6. main.
Exercise 8. Read the text. Open the brackets and put the verbs into correct grammar form, pay special attention to the use of the verb ‘to be’. Give the title to the text.
Crude oil (to form) from organic material of the remains of plant and animal organisms that (to live) millions of years ago. These remains (to form) sediments at the bottom of seas, and (to become) buried under layers of sedimentary rock. They (to decay) without air, under the action of heat and pressure to form crude oil over millions of years.
The vast majority of compounds found in crude oil (to be) hydrocarbons, that (to be) molecules made up of carbon atoms combined with hydrogen atoms.
Alkanes (to be) a group of hydrocarbon molecules in which all the carbon and hydrogen atoms (to join) only by single covalent bonds. The principal source of alkane hydrocarbons (to be) crude oil. Alkanes (to know) as saturated molecules because other atoms (can, not, to add) to them. Their physical properties (to be): 1) The first four in the series (to be) all colourless smelly highly flammable gases; 2) The much larger alkanes (to be) colourless liquids and the biggest members of the series (to be) white waxy solids; 3) They (not to be) very reactive unless burned.
Exercise 9. Say what the following numbers are connected to.
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Exercise 10. Read the information about oil and gas industry and memorise some other numbers connected with oil.
There are some very big numbers in the oil and gas industry.
The world uses about 85 million barrels of oil per day. A barrel is 159 litres. So that’s more than thirteen billion litres a day. Thirteen billion litres a day is about 560 million litres per hour. So oil companies need to produce a lot of oil and they need to produce it fast.
There are about 40.000 oil and gas fields in the world. Most of them are small fields, but some are very big. The biggest is the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia. This very big field is 280 km long and 30 km wide. The Saudi national oil company, Saudi Aramco, operates the field and produces about five million barrel of oil a day. That’s a lot of oil! Five million barrels is 790.000 cubic metres: 790.000 cubic metres every day. Ghawar also produses about 57 million cubic metres of natural gas per day.
Exercise 11. Match the words that go together.
-
-A-
Basic chemical
seemingly endless
completely
paraffin
the most common
saturated straight-chain
normal
plastic and solid
liquid refinery
asphalt-base
complex
physical or chemical
-B-
crudes
residues
products
paraffin waxes
temperatures
series
hydrocarbons
series
identical
proportions
series
variations
Exercise 12. Complete the sentences.
1. Regardless of physical or chemical variations … 2. More viscous bitumens generally vary from … 3. Crude oil can be grouped into … 4. The paraffin series of hydrocarbons … 5. The residues obtained by refining lower-density paraffins are … 6. The naphthene series has … 7. The residue of the refinery process is … 8. Sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are usually … 9. The total sulfur in crude oil varies … 10. The excess sulfur is removed … 11. The oxygen content of crude oil is … 12. Nitrogen is present in …
Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Нафта є надзвичайно цінною і складається в основному зі сполук двох елементів: вуглецю та водню. 2. Вчені зазвичай класифікують неочищену нафту на три основні хімічні серії: парафіни, нафтени та ароматичні. 3. Більшість неочищеної нафти становить собою суміш трьох основних серій в різній безкінечній кількості пропорцій. 4. Метанова серія охоплює найбільш поширені вуглеводні неочищеної нафти. 5. Хоча парафіни є рідинами за нормальних температур, їх межі кипіння становлять від 40° до 200°C. 6. Нафтенова серія – є важливою частиною всіх рідких нафтопродуктів. 7. Крім вуглецю та водню неочищена нафта також містить сірку, азот та кисень. 8. Будучи третьою за поширеністю атомною складовою, сірка наявна у середніх та важких фракціях неочищеної нафти. 9. Загалом кількість сірки в неочищеній нафті може коливатися від 0.05% до 5%. 10. Оксиди сірки, що надходять у повітря під час згоряння палива, становлять основний забрудник, що викликає захворювання на рак.
Exercise 14. Read the text and write out all prepositions used there. Say what this text is about. In what form is it written?
You arrived by helicopter. But first, you receive safety training. Every day visitors must have safety training. Offshore work is more hazardous than onshore work, so workers must also have a medical test, do a fire fighting, and escape course before they go.
You get out of the helicopter and hold on to your hat. You are now standing on a production platform high above the water. It is as big as a football field. The top of the derrick is higher than a twenty-storey building.
Drilling platforms are not as big as this because they only do drilling. Production platforms are bigger because they do more things and must accommodate more people.
A typical production platform has four main areas above the water. One is the accommodation area, where the workers aet and sleep. Another is the well head or drilling area. That contains the derrick, well heads, and drilling equipment. Crude oil comes up to the well heads with gas and water in it. So it goes to the process area, which separates the oil from the other things. All the areas need electricity and other utilities. The utilities area provides these: a generator makes electricity, and there is equipment for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and water distribution.
Exercise 15. Complete these sentences with the prepositions you have written out from the text in the Exercise 14.
1. Heavy equipment arrives ___ boat. 2. The accommodation area is as big ___ a hotel. 3. Don’t get out ___ the helicopter. 4. Hold ___ the rope. 5. The lifeboats are on two sides ___ the platform. 5. What are the cranes ___? 6. They are ___ lifting things ___ boats. 7. The derrick is ___ the well head area.
Exercise 16. Explain the meaning of the wods and word combinations.Work in pairs and compose a dialogue using the diven word combinations.
Safety training, offshore work, onshore work, medical test, fire fighting, escape course, production platform, derrick, drilling platform, accommodation area, well head, drilling equipment, process area, utilities.
Exercise 17. Retell the text Properties of Oil. You may use the plan of the text given below.
1. Chemical composition of oil:
1.1. Hydrocarbon content:
a) The amount of carbon and hydrogen;
b) The paraffin series of hydrocarbons;
c) The naphthene series of hydrocarbons.
1.2. Nonhydrocarbon content:
a) The amount of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen in oil;
b) Metallic elements of oil.
2. Physical properties of oil.
UNIT THREE
CLASSIFICATION OF OIL
Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations:
interior of the earth – надра землі
deep Antiquity – давня Античність
sulphurous – сірчаний
homologous series – гомологічний ряд
geographical source – географічне походження
unique – унікальний
light volatile fluid – летка рідина
general toxicity – загальна токсичність
weathering – погодні умови
to spread – поширюватися
odor – запах
evaporation rate – швидкість випаровування
flammable – горючий, займистий
waxy or oily feel – схожий на віск чи маслянистий на дотик
to penetrate – проникати
persistent – стійкий, сталий, постійний
tarry – тягучий, тягуча речовина
to smother – душити, задихатися
to drown – тонути, топити
to contaminate – забруднювати
to coat surface – покривати поверхню
cleanup – очищення
disputable – суперечливий
distribution – поширення
animal and vegetation residuals – тваринні та рослинні рештки
oil-and-gas production deposit – місце нафто-газового видобутку
to extract – добувати
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text. Make the lists of basic oil conponents and their contents.