9. Indicate the differentiating features of discourse.

Discourse – is a text implemented in reality (includes cultural and personal elements).

Discourse – is sub-style of oral communication.

• Contextuality (action plus non-actions)

• Personalization (overlaps of participants’ minds, difining common grounds)

• Process-duration (discourse emerges from activity)

• Closed structure of discourse (limited by the above-mentioned factors) – anybody can perceive it, but not create.

10. Introduce the term discourse and the scope of its expertise, cross-linguistic approaches in discourse studies.

Discourse – is a text implemented in reality (includes cultural and personal elements).

Discourse – is sub-style of oral communication.

Discourse as a tearm:

• Text implemented in reality(includes cultural, personal, material components) V.Pressler

• Text as signifying means in a communicative situation G.Yule

• Genre, sub-stule of oral communication. P Serict

• A sample for speech behavior in a particular context

• S. Harris “equivalence of phrases and their sequences”

Approaches:

• Formal: a unit which is larger then a sentence

• Functional: language use with all its variety

• Situational: language, used under circumstances (personal, social, cultural)

Discourse analysis covers an extremely wide range of activities, from the narrowly focused investigation of how words such as 'oh' or 'well' are used in casual talk, to the study of the dominant ideo­logy in a culture as represented, for example, in its educational or political practices. When it is restricted to linguistic issues, dis­course analysis focuses on the record (spoken or written) of the process by which language is used in some context to express intention.

11. Show the relations between communication and discourse.

Discourse is the term that describes written and spoken communications.

Discourse – is a text implemented in reality (includes cultural and personal elements); is sub-style of oral communication.

Communication and discourse have a participant and mean a result!!!

In order to investigate how words for example: “oh” and “well” are used in casual talk (in communication process) we deal with discourse analysis, which is focused on recorded(oral or written) process involving speech interaction performed in a context to fulfil a certain intention.

Also, discourse is realised through the conversation, which is oral interaction of several speakers, which can be perceived.

Conversational structure:

• To give a floor and to take a turn taking is one of the main components of conversation.

• A pause – may be technical and deliberate.

• Backchannel - is a reaction of speaker 1 to the speech of speaker 2.

12. Speak about types of discourse.

Discourse – is a text implemented in reality (includes cultural and personal elements).

Discourse – is sub-style of oral communication. Traditionally, the four types of discourse are argument, narration, description and exposition

Argument is a type of discourse in which the writer or speaker attempts to convince an audience that his or her opinion is correct through logic(includes essays, lectures, sermons and political speeches). In an argument, the writer or speaker begins with a thesis, which is a clear, explicit statement of beliefs or opinions. The writer or speaker must then present evidence to support the thesis. If a listener accepts the evidence, he or she should agree with the thesis.

With narrative discourse, an audience is told a story. The story is designed to make the audience feel differently about a certain topic. Narrative discourse might take the form of a play, novel, folk tale, personal narrative or myth.

In description, something is described based on the five senses. As discourse, description is designed help the audience visualize people and places, but it also can put the audience in a particular mood or create a certain type of atmosphere. Description might be found in a descriptive part of a novel or in a descriptive essay.

Exposition is designed to inform the audience about a topic. There are several different types of exposition, including definition, analysis, compare-and-contrast, problem-and-solution and cause-and-effect. For example, giving someone the definition of a word provides one type of information, whereas comparing and contrasting two differing opinions provides an entirely different type of information.

Also we have media discourse, business discourse, literary discourse, social discourse and argumentative discourse.

Discourse may be understood in a few different ways. For one, it may simply refer to the manner in which individuals and groups communicate. On a deeper level, it may symbolize the systems of thoughts and beliefs that determine how individuals understand and interpret the world.

Media discourse in the first sense would include the various outlets that individuals in the media use, such as newspapers and magazines, television, radio, and the Internet. If media discourse is understand as the beliefs that guide media output, then principles like objectivity or ideological bias might describe media discourse.

Business discourse represents the way companies do business through speech and text. Communication is often a driving force in business; one incorrect message can send a company into a downward spiral. The different methods of business discourse can be meetings or debates, written correspondence, or management theory. Each one has its own place in business, with multiple types often being common. All individuals play a part in the discourse process, though upper management may be among the most common users of this activity.

The different types of literary discourse are transactional, expressive, and poetic. Discourse refers to the way language is manipulated to communicate a certain effect or elicit a specific response. Most fictional forms of literature use poetic discourse, although they may also incorporate the use of expressive discourse in a experiential fashion. Transactional discourse is primarily used in business communication, such as advertising or correspondence.

Social discourse is speech or text communication that involves a social element. The definition of discourse is very broad. The word “discourse” refers to nearly all of the many ways that humans communicate with each other. A social type of discourse is communication that has a social purpose, or some kind of distinctively social aspect.

Argumentative discourse is a specific kind of communication, but one that is often broadly defined. Discourse is defined as the social or public use of written or spoken language, or in other words, communication between two or more parties. Within the general definition of discourse, several different types of discourse apply. These are sometimes also called rhetorical modes, and they fulfill different functions in general discourse.