Unit 13 Theme: Ancient Mongolian Cartography Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises. Students should be better at discussing “Ancient Mongolian Cartography”. Students should know the rules of Direct and Indirect Speech.

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during three lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme « Ancient Mongolian Cartography».

Grammar: Introduce and practice the rules of Direct and Indirect Speech.

In the Mongol Empire, the Mongol scholars with the Persian and Chinese cartographers or their foreign colleagues created maps, geographical compendium as well as travel accounts. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani described his geographical compendium, "Suvar al-aqalim", constituted volume four of the Collected chronicles of the Ilkhanate in Persia. His works says about the borders of the seven climes (old world), rivers, major cities, places, climate, and Mongol yams (relay stations). The Great Khan Khubilai's ambassador and minister, Bolad, had helped Rashid's works in relation to the Mongols and Greater Mongolia proper Thanks to Pax Mongolica, the easterners and the westerners in Mongol dominions were able to gain access to one another's geographical materials. The Mongols required the nations they conquered to send geographical maps to the Mongol headquarter. fffffffffOne of medieval Persian work written in northwest Iran can clarify the historical geography of Mongolia where Genghis Khan was born and united the Mongol and Turkic nomads as recorded in native sources, especially the Secret History of the Mongols. ffffffffMap of relay stations, called "yam", and strategic points existed in the Yuan Dynasty. The Mongol cartography was enriched by traditions of ancient China and Iran which were now under the Mongols. fffffffffBecause the Yuan court often requested the western Mongol khanates to send their maps, the Yuan Dynasty was able to publish a map describing the whole Mongol world in 1330. This is called "Hsi-pei pi ti-li tu". The map includes the Mongol dominions including 30 cities in Iran such as Ispahan and the Ilkhanid capital Soltaniyeh, and Russia (as "Orash") as well as their neighbors, e.g. Egypt and Syria.

Topical vocabulary

1. geographical compendium географический справочник

2. dominions владение, власть

3. to gain access получать доступ

4. conquered завоеванный

5. headquarter. штаб

6. medieval средневековый

7. clarify прояснять, уточнять

8. Mongol khanates Монгольское ханство

9. The quantity of business количество операций

Ex 1. Read and translate the text.

Ex 2. Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What did the Mongol scholars do?

2. What work written in northwest Iran can clarify the historical geography?

3. By what traditions was the Mongol cartography enriched?

4. Who was able to publish a map describing the whole Mongol world?

5. What does the map include?

Ex.3. Summarize the text.

Ex 4. Give the definition of the following words and word combinations:

Include, dominion, scholar, city, capital, headquarter, tradition, enrich, map, publish, map of relay stations, dominions including 30 cities publish a map, describing the whole Mongol

Ex 5. Make a map of your city.

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.

• Indirect Speech is formed according to the Rule of Sequence of Tenses. The Verbs most commonly used to introduce the reported speech are: to tell, to say, to add, to notice, to explain, to inform, to remind, etc. Note: to say smth. (to smb); to tell smb.smth.

Tom said, ”My brother is learning to drive.” (The Present Continuous Tense)

Tom said that his brother was learning to rive ( The Past Continuous Tense)

Marat said, “Sometimes I go home by tram.” (The Present Indefinite Tense)

Marat said that sometimes he went home by tram. (The Past Indefinite Tense)

The teacher told John, “You didn’t write exercise two” (The Past Indefinite Tense)

The teacher told John that he hadn’t written exercise two. (The Past Perfect Tense)

Bob Said, “My uncle has just arrived from Paris.” (The Present Perfect Tense)

Bob said that his uncle had just arrived from Paris. (The Past Perfect Tense)

If the reporting verb is in the present, the tenses that follow are usually the same as those used in the original statement.

• An order or request in indirect speech is expressed by the infinitive. The verbs most commonly used to introduce indirect orders are: to tell, to order, to command. Requests are usually introduced by the verb to ask. More emotional forms are: to beg, to implore, to urge.

My teacher said to me: ”Remember these grammar rules! ” My teacher told me to remember these grammar rules.

Ex.6. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Jack told his father, "I hope to pass the examination". 2. Henry said to me, "The teacher is listening to us". 3. Bob said to Tom, "I made no mistakes in the last dictation". 4. I told the policeman, "I saw the thief in the garden". 5. He said, "I have not read many English books". 6. Jack's father said to him, "You have not cleaned your shoes". 7. Mary said, "I do not want to wear my old dress". 8. My mother said to me, "I feel very tired and I have a headache".

Ex. 7.Choose the correct word from those in brackets.

1. My grandmother always ... me about her childhood.(says/ tells)

2. “Don’t do that! ” she ... them. (said/told)

3. Did she ... you where she had put my books? (say/tell)

4. When I was introduced to 6the actor he ... a few words about to me. (said/ told)

5. That little boy is very bad. He ... a lot of lies.( says/tells)

6. She ... to me she didn’t know what to do. (said/told)

7. He often ... things like that. (says/tells)

Ex. 8. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.

1. My sister said that she had not got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I had not seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the university. 5. She told the grocer that he did not want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we did not understand his questions. 7. I told the taxi - driver that he was driving too fast. 8. He said that her children were playing in the garden.

Ex. 9. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Mary said to her brother, "Take the letter to the Post Office, please". 2. The teacher said to Tom, "Collect the exercise-books and put them on my table". 3. The old man said to the little girl, "Do not run across the street". 4. The teacher said to the pupils, "Learn the poem by heart". 5. I said to my friend, "Meet me outside the cinema at 6 o' clock". 6. The teacher asked Tom, "Do you come to school by bus or on foot?". 7. A man stopped me in the street and asked, "Have you got a watch?". 8. The teacher asked us, "Do you understand the question?".

Ex.10. Translate the sentence from Russian into English.

1. Я попросил Джека дать мне его словарь. 2. Кондуктор сказал пассажирам не выскакивать из автобуса на ходу. 3. Учитель попросил студента стереть с доски.4. Он напомнил мне отправить письмо. 5.Отец запретил детям входить в его кабинет.6.Инспектор предупредил нас, что здесь стоянка запрещена. 7. Гид посоветовал нам заглянуть и в этот небольшой музей.

Задания для СРО:

Ex 1 Do grammar ex 317, 318, pp 263-265 «Грамматика, сборник упражнений», Ю. Голицинский-Санкт-Петербург, «КАРО», 2005

Ex 2 Prepare for discussion on the topic “Ancient Mongolian Cartography”.