Урок 7 Прошедшее совершенное время и будущее совершенное время
(The Past Perfect Tense and the Future Perfect Tense)
Образование Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме прошедшего времени (had) и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола: I had worked, he had worked.
В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Had she worked? Had they worked?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I had not worked, he had not worked.
Употребление Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Past Perfect переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола совершенного или несовершенного вида в зависимости от смысла предложения.
We had shipped the goods by that time. Мы (уже) отгрузили товар к тому
времени.
They informed us that they had chartered Они сообщили нам, что они
the ss. “Northern Star” for the transportation зафрахтовали пароход “Северная
of the goods. Звезда” для перевозки товаров.
Образование Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме будущего времени (shall have, will have) и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола: I shall have worked, he will have worked.
В вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Shall we have worked? Will you have worked?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола: I shall not have worked, they will not have worked.
Употребление Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect употребляется для выражения будущего действия, которое совершится до определенного момента в будущем. Future Perfect переводится на русский язык будущим временем глагола совершенного вида.
We shall have translated the Мы (уже) переведем статью к пяти
article by five o’clock. часам.
They will have shipped the goods Они уже отгрузят товар, когда
when your telegram arrives. прибудет ваша телеграмма.
Future Perfect также выражает предполагаемое прошедшее действие.
You will have read in the newspapers Вы, должно быть, читали в газетах
about the conclusion of this agreement. о заключении этого соглашения.
The reader will have observed an Читатель, вероятно, заметил тенденцию
upward tendency in wool prices к повышению цен на шерсть на
on the London market. лондонском рынке.
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски, используя данные в скобках глаголы. Пример: You went back to your home town after many years and you found that many things were different. - Most of my friends were no longer there. They had left (leave).
The local cinema was no longer open. It _____ (close) down.
My friend Kevin was no longer there. He _____ (go) away.
Mr. Johnson was no longer alive. He _____ (die).
I didn’t recognize Ms Thompson. She _____ (change) a lot.
Bill no longer had his house. He _____ (sell) it.
Упражнение 2. Составьте предложения, используя данные слова.
Пример: I wasn’t hungry. (I / just / have / lunch) I had just had lunch.
Jessie wasn’t at home when I arrived. (she / just / go / out) ______.
We came to the cinema late. (the film / already / begin) _______.
I invited Brigitte to dinner last night but she couldn’t come. (she / already / arrange / to do something else) ______.
I was very pleased to see Val again after such a long time. (I / not / see / her for five years) _____.
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски, используя данные глаголы.
Пример: Mr. And Mrs. Davis were in an airplane. They were nervous as the plane took off because they (never / fly / before) had never flown before.
The woman was a complete stranger to me. I _____ (see / her / before).
Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. She _____ (never / be / late / before).
Jane played tennis yesterday - at least she tried to play tennis. She wasn’t very good at it because she ______ (never / play / before).
It was Keith’s first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn’t know what to do. He _____ (never / drive / before).
Упражнение 4. Используйте глаголы в правильной форме (past perfect / past indefinite). Пример: Was Cynthia there when you arrived? - No, she had gone (go) home. Was Cynthia there when you arrived? - Yes, but she went (go) home soon afterwards.
The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody _____ (go) to bed.
Sorry, I’m late. The car ______ (break) down on my way here.
Ellen felt very tired when she got to the hotel, so she _____ (go) straight to bed.
There was a car by the side of the road. It _____ (break) down and the driver was trying to repair it. So we _____ (stop) to see if we could help.
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст.
It’s not what you say, but how you say it
Ralph Waldo Emerson’s view 150 years ago that ‘no man should travel until he has learned the language of the country he visits’ is reflected in the boom of language learning for business travellers. A key to success is to do business in the other person’s language.
But unless you can really cope in a language, it may be best to save it for social chat. A little learning is dangerous, although a few phrases, say, in Swedish, French or Spanish are always appreciated.
Much more important, psychologists say, is your «non-verbal behaviour» or body language. This must take into account different notions of politeness, manners and social rituals. Actions speak louder than words. Saying the wrong thing, eye contact, hand gestures, using first names, how you eat and drink can be a minefield for the unwary.
You first need to know whether you are dealing with people from the so-called «low-context» cultures, such as North America, Britain, Sweden, Switzerland or Germany, who spell things out verbally, or «high context» cultures such as France, Japan, Spain, Greece, Saudi Arabia, China and South Korea, who communicate by nuance and implication and are less dependent on the spoken word. For example, the Swiss and Germans like to lay their cards on the table. Talking to a Frenchman or a Spaniard, what is unsaid is often more important.
The handshake is probably the most common form of greeting in the world, except in Japan. In Germany and Denmark you should nod your head when you shake hands as a gesture of respect. Somebody who does not know this may misinterpret it as aggression. People in Mediterranean countries sometimes tilt their head back when they shake hands. Northerners may take this for arrogance. Anglo-Saxons learn to look people in the eye. This is sometimes misinterpreted as aggressive or challenging behaviour by Orientals, for whom only an occasional glance into the other person’s face is considered polite.
Visiting cards should never be shoved into the pocket. Receive them with both hands: read, learn and inwardly digest the name and status, and lay them out on the table in front of you.
People do business with whom they feel comfortable. It comes down to sincerity and spontaneous good manners. If you are not sure how to be polite in someone else’s culture, then at least be polite in your own.
Keep sentences short and simple, but avoid oversimplifying and pause frequently. Avoid vague and imprecise expressions; look at the person with whom you’re dealing - not the interpreter; look out for signs of confusion; and keep eye contact when culturally appropriate. Finally, note that in the Far East it is not much «read my lips» as «read my mind».
Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений, выучите их.
светская беседа психолог невербальное поведение язык тела вежливость / вежливый контакт взглядов низко-контекстные культуры высоко-контекстные культуры |
рукопожатие кивать головой неправильно понимать принимать за поведение чрезмерное упрощение переводчик подходящий, соответствующий |