Antisocial Personality Disorder

Guiltless – лишённый чувства вины, чувствующий себя невиновным

Irresponsibility – безответственность \ Deceit – обман

Cause послужить причиной, поводом (для чего-л.) ;

conduct disorder – расстройство поведения \ failure – неспособность, неудача, провал

conform to – соответствовать \ continue - продолжать(ся);

indicative of – указвающий на (что-л.), характерный для (чего-либо)

emerge - появляться; возникать \ occur - происходить, случаться, совершаться

interfere - служить препятствием, мешать, быть помехой ( with )

result in - иметь результатом ( in ), приводить к (чему-либо)

persist - удерживаться, сохраняться, продолжать существовать;

persistence [pə'sɪst(ə)n(t)s] постоянство, неизменность; продолжительность

severe – серьёзный, тяжелый; \ impairment - ослабление; нарушение

outgrow – избавляться от (дурной привычки и пр.)\ predispose - вызывать предрасположенность

onset ['ɔnset] / начало, наступление \ affiliation принадлежность; присоединение

commit [kə'mɪt] совершать (правонарушение, плохой поступок)

identify [aɪ'dentɪfaɪ] устанавливать \ influence ['ɪnfluən(t)s] влияние, действие, воздействие

mimic ['mɪmɪk] подражать \Deviant\deviance - девиантный\отклонение

appearance [ə'pɪərəns] – появление \ torture ['tɔːʧə] мучить

underlie - underlay; - underlain - лежать в основе \underlying [ˌʌndə'laɪɪŋ] лежащий в основе; основной

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Evidence of this maladaptive personality pattern is often seen in childhood or early adolescence. During childhood and adolescence, this pattern of behavior is typically diagnosed as conduct disorder.

Loeber (1998) suggest three criteria to assess whether or not problem behaviors fit the description of deviance.

1. The persistence of the deviant behavior. Clearly, if problem behaviors persist throughout a time period when most youngsters of the same age would have outgrown such behaviors, the problem behaviors would be labeled deviant.

2. Severity of the impairment (e.g., conduct disorder causes the child to be expelled from school (из-за расстройства поведения ребёнка исключают из школы).

3. The result of the behavior. If the problem behavior results in harm to others (e.g., stealing another’s property), that behavior is considered deviant.

Research studies (Taylor et al., 2000) have presented evidence to support that a diagnosis of conduct disorder depends on two groups of factors:

• early age of onset of violent and antisocial conduct and persistence of that antisocial and criminal behavior.

• the nature of antisocial behavior.

It is important to note that many behaviors indicative of conduct disorder emerge over the normal course of development. For example, lying, aggression, or stealing may occur at different points in the typical development of a child or adolescent. Usually, these behaviors do not interfere with normal academic or social functioning; and do not continue into adulthood (Kazdin, 1998). However, these behaviors can progress to severe antisocial acts and to the diagnosis of Conduct Disorder or, in adulthood, Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Generally, ASPD is not diagnosed unless a person has shown persistent antisocial behavior before the age of 15. The early appearance of serious behavioral problems, such as having temper tantrums (приступы гнева), bullying other children, torturing animals, and lying, indicates that underlying biological factors, both genetic and neurological, may predispose or place a child at risk for developing antisocial personality disorder.

QUESTIONS

1. What are criteria for ASPD? What is conduct disorder? What personality defects are typical for antisocial children? What types of maladaptive behavior can emerge over the normal course of development?

2. Do the child’s maladaptive behaviors necessarily continue into adulthood? Is it likely that conduct disorder persists from the teenage years on through adulthood?

3. What kinds of maladaptive behavior can be viewed as symptoms of conduct disorder (according to Loeber)?

4. What are the best predictors of severity and course of antisocial behavior? (according to Taylor)

5. Why is ASPD not diagnosed unless a person has shown persistent antisocial behavior before the age of 15?

6. Do you think early intervention in children and adolescents may be effective in preventing the later development of antisocial personality disorder in adulthood?

7. Is there a direct link between antisocial personality disorder and offending?

EX.1 Fill in the gaps with the following words. persistent\ persistently\ social\ normative\

Life‐course‐persistent offenders’ antisocial behavior is thought to have its origins in neuro‐developmental processes, and it begins in childhood and continues ___________thereafter. In contrast, adolescence‐limited offenders’ antisocial behavior is thought to have its origins in processes of ___________influence; it begins in adolescence and persists in young adulthood. Research has shown that adolescence‐limited antisocials are common, and near __________, whereas life‐course persistent antisocials are few, ____________, and pathological.

EX. 2 Complete the word-building the table

verb	noun	adjective
-----------		adult ['ædʌlt ]
indicate
interfere мешать		------------	--------------
function		-----------	severe
develop			-----------
deceive		deceitful	attentive
-----------		adolescent	-----------
	emergence	---------
	Violence, violation
	occurrence	---------------
fail		-----------
		harmful

EX. 3 Fill in the gaps with the following words: onset \ violence\ rule‐breaking\ adolescence

The studies have identified the two sub‐types of antisocial behavior using the “Aggression” and “Delinquency”

scales (Achenbach, 1991). The Aggression scale is thought to be associated with the life‐course‐persistent type because it measures antisocial personality and physical ________and its scores are stable across development, whereas the Delinquency scale is associated with the adolescence‐limited prototype because it measures ___________and its mean scores rise steeply during ___________.

A group of studies has defined life‐course‐persistent antisocial behavior in terms of preadolescent _______, contrasting it against antisocial behavior that begins during the adolescent period. One study found early onset to be strongly familial and substantially heritable in contrast to adolescent onset, which was less familial and largely influenced by environment.

* heritable ['herɪtəbl] наследственный, наследуемый, передаваемый по наследству

EX.4 Fill in the gaps with the following words: fights \disregard \indifference\ conform\deceitfulness \failure\

The DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder include

■ Failure to ________ to social norms or obey the law

■_______ and lying

■ Impulsivity or _______ to plan ahead

■ Irritability and aggressiveness, getting into physical _________

■ __________for the safety of self or others

■ Lack of remorse, showing ______ to the pain of others, hurt or mistreat other people

EX.5 Подберите к словам из части А синонимы или определения из части В.

А. В.

Deficiency Deficiency interfere Predispose Practiced persist Underlying underlie

a lack continue in course of action in spite of difficulty most basic or important to be the basic thing from which something develops defect prevent (a process or activity) from being carried out properly to make someone more likely to suffer from a particular health problem good at a particular job or skill because of having done it many times

EX.6 Read the text below and decide which word from each group best fits each space.

Antisocial personality disorder

The essential feature of the antisocial type is a history of continuous and chronic behavior in which the rights of others are violated. Frequent ____________ (1) with criminal justice authorities is likely.

Associated features include early delinquency, truancy, persistent lying, fighting, theft, vandalism, and chronic rule _________ (2) . Adulthood may be marked by ________ (3) to have consistent work, poor and irresponsible parenting, __________ (4) to maintain enduring attachment to sexual partners, irritability, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, recklessness, and fraud. This disorder has traditionally been referred to as the psychopathic, or amoral personality. The borderline type is characterized by instability in a variety of areas. These individuals may be ___________ (5) , self-harming, and moody, display unstable and intense interpersonal __________(6), show inappropriate and intense anger at times, and often feel emptiness or boredom.

1. A. relationships B. involvement C. contribution

2. A. violations B. respects C. harms

3. A. a lack. B. an inability C. an ability

4. A. failure B. abuse C. exploitation

5. A. reliable B. unpredictable C. appropriate

6. A. involvement B disregard C. relationships

EX.7 Five phrases have been removed from the passage. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable phrase.

There have been a number of studies assessing risk factors for developing offending behaviour and adult behaviour problems. Despite the relatively large number of studies with long follow-up periods it is only possible to draw very general conclusions _____(1) in this field. There appears to be a number of factors _______(2) including individual child factors (for example, exhibiting behaviour problems as a child, having a diagnosis or showing symptoms of ADHD), family factors (for example, parental antisocial behaviour and ________ (3) ) and social factors (for example, low socioeconomic status). Although these factors may be associated with a greater risk of developing antisocial personality disorder, the majority of children with such risk factors will not in fact develop ____________ (4).

A. harsh parenting style

B. the disorder in adulthood

C. regarding risk factors

D. associated with antisocial personality disorder

*ADHD abbreviation attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

EX.8 Select the verb form that will complete the sentence correctly.

confine - заключать в тюрьмe, держать взаперти\ deprive of smth –лишать чего-либо

Cause – вызывать, служить причиной \ Concern - забота, беспокойство

Involve- включать в себя\ Assess – оценивать \ Exhibit – демонстрировать

Release – освобождать \Consider – рассматривать\prematurely [ˌpremə'tjuəlɪ ]преждевременно

Clinicians must be able _______ (1) adequately the potential for violence in their clients.

The treatment and release from prisons of dangerous individuals who _______ (2) mental disorder and/or criminal behavior _________ (3) important societal concern.

The individual must _________ (4) to be dangerous before ________ (5) of freedom.

An individual with mental illness had a “right to liberty” and that he could not __________ (6) to a psychiatric institution, even for the purpose of ________ (7) the illness, unless he is likely to harm himself or herself or others if ________ (8).

Clinicians’ assessments of violent offenders’ future dangerousness and potential risk to the community are sought by courts in __________ (9) sentences.

Community safety ________ (10) if an individual is incorrectly assessed as low risk and released prematurely to commit further acts of dangerousness.

1. A. assess B. to assess C. assessing

2. A. exhibit B. are exhibiting C. exhibits

3. A. be B. is C. are

4. A. prove B. proven C. be proven

5. A. being deprived B. depriving C. is deprived

6. A. confine B. be confined C. confined

7. A. treating B. treated C. is treating

8. A. release B. released C. releasing

9. A. considering B. considered C. consider

10. A. threaten B. threatening C. is threatened

EX.8 Select the verb form that will complete the sentence correctly.

What are the causes of mental illness? Although the exact cause of most mental illnesses ________ (1) , it is becoming clear through research that many of these conditions ________ (2) by a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Some mental illnesses _______ (3) to an abnormal balance of special chemicals in the brain ________ (4) neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters help nerve cells in the brain communicate with each other. If these chemicals are out of balance or are not working properly, messages may not make it through the brain correctly, _________ (5) to symptoms of mental illness.

1. A. is not known B. doesn’t know C. are not known

2. A. cause B. are caused C. caused

3. A. are linked B. are being linked C. link

4. A. are called B. called. C. calling

5. A. are led B. led. C. leading

EX.9 Select the verb form that will complete the sentence correctly.

This study examined personality disorders and their features in two groups of ______ (1) male sexual offenders, rapists and child molesters. These groups _______ (2) to a control group of non-sexual offenders. All of these inmates routinely ________ (3) by forensic psychologists upon their admission to the Colorado Department of Corrections. The results indicated that non-sexual offenders do have more classically criminal personality characteristics than sexual offenders, however, the rapists appeared ______ (4) more important psychopathological similarities with the non-sexual offenders, particularly in regard to antisocial and sadistic personality traits, than with the child molesters. The study ______ (5) that non-sexual offenders had more classically criminal personality characteristics such as antisocial, narcissistic [na:səˈsistik], and sadistic personality disorders, whereas sex offenders were more likely _________ (6) personality disorders ________ (7) to emotional and social distress, for example, depressive, avoidant, and schizoid personality disorders.

1. A. incarcerated B. incarcerating C. incarcerate

2. A. compares B. were compared C. compared

3. A. were assessed B. assessing C. assessed

4. A. have B. had C. has

5. A. finding B. has found C. will find

6. A. have B. to have C. will have

7. A. relate B. related C. relating

EX.10 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words.

1. Explanations of criminal behaviour provide the basis for considerations of how criminals can be assessed, whether and how they can be helped to avoid future criminality or be ___________in some way.

1. followed

2. treated

3. reduced

2. _____________ leads someone to be violent and if we are looking at a violent crime, we might see that the offender is someone who is brain-damaged.

1. criminality

2. assessment

3. brain damage

3. If the person is very young, old, weak, or have ___________ , then he may be more likely to suffer an offence.

1. lenghy arms

2. learning disabilities

3. criminality

5. These individuals _________ the physical skills to carry out crimes, or avoid detection.

1. lack

2. cause

3. relate to

6. Forensic psychologists produce reports about prisoners when they are at the early stages of their _____________and and after they leave prison.

1. incarceration

2. experiences

3. mental disorder

7. Various aspects of __________ are often explored to explain criminality.

1. mental disorder

2. treatment

3. assessment

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