Interacting with the text
Approaching the text: Surveying
Task 1. [individually, then in pairs]
Survey Texts B and C. Answer the following questions.
What do you think the texts are about?
What is the purpose of the texts?
Who are the texts intended for?
Compare the results of your surveying with those of your partner.
Approaching the text: Using prior knowledge and making predictions
Task 2. [in pairs, then in groups of 4]
In pairs discuss what the following fields and branches of psychology are concerned with. Make notes in appropriate boxes. Then join another pair and compare your notes. Present the result of your discussion to the other groups.
Biopsychology |
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Clinical psychology |
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Counseling psychology |
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Cognitive psychology |
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Developmental psychology |
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Child psychology |
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Social psychology |
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Health psychology |
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Educational psychology |
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School psychology |
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Industrial-organizational psychology |
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Consumer psychology |
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Forensic psychology |
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Environmental psychology |
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Human factors psychology |
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Sports psychology |
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Approaching the Text: Skimming II
Another skimming technique is focusing on the first sentences of each paragraph. These sentences are usually topic ones (i.e. they state the main idea of the paragraph). |
Task 2. [individually, then in pairs]
Read the sentences below. These are the first sentences of the paragraphs from Text D. Do they allow you to get a general idea about the major areas of research in psychology descirbed in the text?
The study of psychology draws on two kinds of research: basic and applied.
This section describes basic research and other activities of psychologists in the five major fields of psychology.
A. Biopsychology
How do body and mind interact?
At the heart of this perspective is the notion that human beings, like other animals, have an evolutionary history that predisposes them to behave in ways that are uniquely adaptive for survival and reproduction.
Particularly important to biopsychology is a growing body of research in behavioral neuroscience, the study of the links between behavior and the brain and nervous system.
B. Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychology is dedicated to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses and other emotional or behavioral disorders.
Over the years, scientists and mental health professionals have made great strides in the treatment of psychological disorders.
In addition to studying and treating mental disorders, many clinical psychologists study the normal human personality and the ways in which individuals differ from one another.
The field of counseling psychology is closely related to clinical psychology.
C. Cognitive Psychology
How do people learn from experience?
These are the kinds of questions posed within cognitive psychology, the scientific study of how people acquire, process, and utilize information.
Decades ago, the invention of digital computers gave cognitive psychologists a powerful new way of thinking about the human mind.
D. Developmental Psychology
Are people programmed by inborn biological dispositions?
Developmental psychology focuses on the changes that come with age.
E. Social Psychology
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations.
By observing people in real-world social settings, and by carefully devising experiments to test people’s social behavior, social psychologists learn about the ways people influence, perceive, and interact with one another.
Exploring the Text: In-depth reading
Task 3. [individually]
Read texts D and E to answer the questions below. Pay attention to the margin questions on the right as you read. The margin questions will help you to implement the reading strategies you have studied in the section LEARNING TO READ. Look up only those words in the dictionary which you feel you should understand precisely to be able to answer the questions before the texts.
1. What is the difference between basic and applied research?
What are the major fields and branches of psychology?
What are they concerned with?
What links psychologists from different branches and fields?
D
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MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH
The study of psychology draws on two kinds of research: basic and applied. Basic researchers seek to test general theories and build a foundation of knowledge, while1 applied psychologists study people in real-world settings and use the results to solve practical human problems.2 There are five major areas of research: biopsychology, clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and social psychology. Both basic and applied research is conducted in each of these fields of psychology. This section describes basic research and other activities of psychologists in the five major fields of psychology. Applied research is discussed in the Practical Applications of Psychology section of this article.
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A. Biopsychology How do body and mind interact? Are body and mind fundamentally different parts of a human being, or are they one and the same, interconnected3 in important ways? Inspired by this classic philosophical debate, many psychologists specialize in biopsychology, the scientific study of the biological underpinnings4 of behavior and mental processes. At the heart of this perspective is the notion that human beings, like other animals, have an evolutionary history that predisposes5 them to behave in ways that are uniquely adaptive for survival and reproduction6. Biopsychologists work in a variety of subfields. Researchers in the field of ethology observe fish, reptiles, birds, insects, primates, and other animal species in their natural habitats. Comparative psychologists study animal behavior and make comparisons among different species, including humans. Researchers in evolutionary psychology theorize about the origins of human aggression, altruism, mate selection, and other behaviors.7 Those in behavioral genetics seek to estimate the extent to which human characteristics such as personality, intelligence, and mental illness are inherited. Particularly important to biopsychology is a growing body of research in behavioral neuroscience, the study of the links between behavior and the brain and nervous system. Facilitated by computer-assisted imaging techniques that enable8 researchers to observe the living human brain in action, this area is generating great excitement. In the related area of cognitive neuroscience, researchers record physical activity in different regions of the brain as the subject reads, speaks, solves math problems, or engages in other mental tasks. Their goal is to pinpoint activities in the brain that correspond9 to different operations of the mind. In addition10, many biopsychologists are involved in psychopharmacology, the study of how drugs affect mental and behavioral functions.
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B. Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology is dedicated to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses and other emotional or behavioral disorders11. More psychologists work in this field than in any other branch of psychology. In hospitals, community clinics, schools, and in private practice, they use interviews and tests to diagnose depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental illnesses.12 People with these psychological disorders often suffer terribly. They experience disturbing symptoms that make it difficult for them to work, relate to others, and cope with the demands of everyday life. Over the years, scientists and mental health professionals have made great strides in the treatment of psychological disorders.13 For example14, advances in psychopharmacology have led to the development of drugs that relieve severe symptoms of mental illness. Clinical psychologists cannot prescribe drugs, but they often work in collaboration with a patient’s physician. Drug treatment is often combined with psychotherapy, a form of intervention that relies primarily on verbal communication to treat emotional or behavioral problems.15 Over the years, psychologists have developed many different forms of psychotherapy. Some forms, such as psychoanalysis, focus on resolving internal, unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood and past experiences. Other forms, such as cognitive and behavioral therapies, focus more on the person’s current level of functioning and try to help the individual change distressing thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. In addition to studying and treating mental disorders, many clinical psychologists study the normal human personality and the ways in which individuals differ from one another. Still others administer a variety of psychological tests, including intelligence tests and personality tests.16 These tests are commonly given to individuals in the workplace or in school to assess their interests, skills, and level of functioning. Clinical psychologists also use tests to help them diagnose people with different types of psychological disorders. The field of counseling psychology is closely related to clinical psychology. Counseling psychologists may treat mental disorders, but they more commonly treat people with less-severe adjustment problems related to marriage, family, school, or career.17 Many other types of professionals care for and treat people with psychological disorders, including psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, and psychiatric nurses.
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C. Cognitive Psychology How do people learn from experience? How and where in the brain are visual images, facts, and personal memories stored? What causes forgetting? How do people solve problems or make difficult life decisions? Does language limit the way people think? And to what extent are people influenced by information outside of conscious awareness? These are the kinds of questions posed within cognitive psychology, the scientific study of how people acquire, process, and utilize information. Cognition refers to the process of knowing and encompasses nearly the entire range of conscious and unconscious mental processes: sensation and perception, conditioning and learning, attention and consciousness, sleep and dreaming, memory and forgetting, reasoning and decision making, imagining, problem solving, and language. Decades ago, the invention of digital computers gave cognitive psychologists a powerful new way of thinking about the human mind. They began to see human beings as information processors who receive input18, process and store information, and produce output18 This approach became known as the information-processing model of cognition. As computers have become more sophisticated, cognitive psychologists have extended the metaphor. For example, most researchers now reject the idea that information is processed in linear, sequential steps. Instead19 they find that the human mind is capable of parallel processing, in which multiple operations are carried out simultaneously.
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D. Developmental Psychology Are people programmed by inborn biological dispositions? Or is an individual's fate molded by culture, family, peers, and other socializing influences within the environment? These questions about the roles of nature and nurture are central to the study of human development. Developmental psychology focuses on the changes that come with age. By comparing people of different ages, and by tracking individuals over time, researchers in this area study the ways in which people mature and change over the life span. Within this area, those who specialize in child psychology study physical, intellectual, and social development in fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents.20 Recognizing that human development is a lifelong process, other developmental psychologists study the changes that occur throughout adulthood21. Still others specialize in the study of old age, even the process of dying.
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E. Social Psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. Researchers in this field ask questions such as, How do we form impressions of others? How are people persuaded to change their attitudes or beliefs? What causes people to conform in group situations? What leads someone to help or ignore a person in need? Under what circumstances do people obey or resist orders? By observing people in real-world social settings, and by carefully devising experiments to test people’s social behavior, social psychologists learn about the ways people influence, perceive, and interact with one another. The study of social influence includes topics such as conformity, obedience to authority, the formation of attitudes, and the principles of persuasion. Researchers interested in social perception study how people come to know and evaluate one another, how people form group stereotypes, and the origins of prejudice.22 Other topics of particular interest to social psychologists include physical attraction, love and intimacy, aggression, altruism, and group processes. Many social psychologists are also interested in cultural influences on interpersonal23 behavior. (Kassin S. Psychology. (2002). In Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe 2002. [CD-ROM]. Microsoft Corporation.) |
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E |
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY |
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Whereas1 basic researchers test theories about mind and behavior, applied psychologists are motivated by a desire to solve practical human problems. Four particularly active areas of application are health, education, business, and law.
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A. Health Today, many psychologists work in the emerging area of health psychology, the application of psychology to the promotion of physical health and the prevention and treatment of illness. Researchers in this area have shown that human health and well-being depends on both biological and psychological factors. Many psychologists in this area study psychophysiological disorders (also called psychosomatic disorders), conditions that are brought on or influenced by psychological states, most often stress. These disorders include high blood pressure, headaches, asthma, and ulcers.2 Researchers have discovered that chronic stress is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. In addition3, stress can compromise the body's immune system and increase susceptibility to illness. Health psychologists also study how people cope with stress. They have found that people who have family, friends, and other forms of social support are healthier and live longer than those who are more isolated. Other researchers in this field examine the psychological factors that underlie smoking, drinking, drug abuse, risky sexual practices, and other behaviors harmful to health. |
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B. Education Psychologists in all branches of the discipline contribute to our understanding of teaching, learning, and education. Some help develop standardized tests used to measure academic aptitude and achievement. Others study the ages at which children become capable of attaining various cognitive skills, the effects of rewards on their motivation to learn, computerized instruction, bilingual education, learning disabilities4, and other relevant topics. Perhaps the best-known application of psychology to the field of education occurred in 1954 when, in the case of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court of the United States outlawed5 the segregation of public schools by race. In its ruling, the Court cited psychological studies suggesting that segregation had a damaging effect on black students and tended to encourage prejudice. In addition to the contributions of psychology as a whole, two fields within psychology focus exclusively on education: educational psychology and school psychology. Educational psychologists seek to understand and improve the teaching and learning process within the classroom and other educational settings. Educational psychologists study topics such as intelligence and ability testing, student motivation, discipline and classroom management, curriculum plans, and grading.6 They also test general theories about how students learn most effectively. School psychologists work in elementary and secondary school systems administering tests, making placement recommendations, and counseling children with academic or emotional problems. |
5.Can you work out the meaning of the word ‘outlaw’ by analyzing its morphological structure?
6. Find noun + noun constructions in the sentence (lines 53-56) and translate them into Russian.
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C. Business In the business world, psychology is applied in the workplace and in the marketplace. Industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology focuses on human behavior in the workplace and other organizations. I-O psychologists conduct research, teach in business schools or universities, and work in private industry. Many I-O psychologists study the factors that influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.7 Others study the personal traits and situations that foster great leadership. Still others focus on the processes of personnel selection, training, and evaluation.8 Studies have shown, for example, that face-to-face interviews sometimes result in poor hiring decisions and may be biased by the applicant’s gender, race, and physical attractiveness. Studies have also shown that certain standardized tests can help to predict on-the-job performance. Consumer psychology is the study of human decision making and behavior in the marketplace. In this area, researchers analyze the effects of advertising on consumers’ attitudes and buying habits. Consumer psychologists also study various aspects of marketing, such as the effects of packaging, price, and other factors that lead people to purchase one product rather than another. |
7. Find noun + noun constructions in the sentence (lines 68-70) and translate them into Russian. 8. Find noun + noun constructions in the sentence (72-73) and translate them into Russian.
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D. Law Many psychologists today work in the legal system. They consult with attorneys, testify in court as expert witnesses, counsel prisoners, teach in law schools, and research various justice-related issues. Sometimes referred to as forensic psychologists, those who apply psychology to the law study a range of issues, including jury selection, eyewitness testimony, confessions to police, lie-detector tests, the death penalty, criminal profiling, and the insanity defense.9 Studies in forensic psychology have helped to illuminate weaknesses in the legal system. For example, based on trial-simulation experiments, researchers have found that jurors are often biased by various facts not in evidence—that is, facts the judge tells them to disregard.10 In studying eyewitness testimony, researchers have staged mock crimes and asked witnesses to identify the assailant or recall other details. These studies have revealed that under certain conditions eyewitnesses are highly prone to error. Psychologists in this area often testify in court as expert witnesses. In cases involving the insanity defense, forensic clinical psychologists are often called to court to give their opinion about whether individual defendants are sane or insane11. Used as a legal defense, insanity means that defendants, because of a mental disorder, cannot appreciate the wrongfulness of their conduct or control it. Defendants who are legally insane at the time of the offense may be absolved of criminal responsibility for their conduct and judged not guilty. Psychologists are often called to testify in court on other controversial matters as well, including the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, the mental competence (fitness) of defendants to stand trial, and the reliability of early childhood memories. |
11. Can you work out the meaning of the word ‘insane’ by analyzing its morphological structure? |
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E. Other Domains of Application Psychology has applications in many other domains of human life. Environmental psychologists focus on the relationship between people and their physical surroundings. They study how street noise, heat, architectural design, population density, and crowding affect people’s behavior and mental health.12 In a related field, human factors psychologists work on the design of appliances, furniture, tools, and other manufactured items in order to maximize their comfort, safety, and convenience. Sports psychologists advise athletes and study the physiological, perceptual-motor, motivational, developmental, and social aspects of athletic performance. Other psychologists specialize in the study of political behavior, religion, sexuality, or behavior in the military. (Kassin S. Psychology. (2002). In Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe 2002. [CD-ROM]. Microsoft Corporation.) |
12. Find noun + noun constructions in the sentence (lines 127-129) and translate them into Russian.
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building your vocabulary
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
Task 1. [individually]
Complete the ACADEMIC VOCABULARY chart with the translation and transcription of the words. The code in the first column of the chart denotes the source of the word (the letter stands for the passage/text the word is taken from and the figure stands for the line the word occurs in). Remember to use definitions as well as the context to find the appropriate Russian equivalents. Circle those meanings in which the words are used in unit texts, where applicable.
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word |
transcription |
definition |
translation |
nouns |
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E 34 |
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a thing that sb has done successfully, especially using their own effort and skill |
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D 67 |
[+ in] |
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progress or a development in a particular activity or area of understanding |
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F1 |
[+ in] |
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1. a unit for measuring temperature |
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2. the amount or level of sth |
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3. the qualification obtained by students who successfully complete a university or college course |
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D 55 |
[C, U] (plural diagnoses) [+ of ] |
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the act of discovering or identifying the exact cause of an illness or a problem |
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D 56 |
[U] |
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1. an untidy state; a lack of order or organization |
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[U]
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2. violent behaviour of large groups of people |
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[C] |
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3. an illness that causes a part of the body to stop functioning correctly |
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E 36 |
[+ of] [+ on] |
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the way in which an event, action, or person changes sb or sth |
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D 47 |
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sth that you hope to achieve in the future |
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D 40 |
~ (between A and B) |
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1.a connection between two or more people or things |
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~ (between A and B) | ~ (with sth) |
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2. a relationship between two or more people, countries or organizations |
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D 136 |
formal |
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care, encouragement and support given to sb/sth while they are growing |
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E 94 |
[C,usually sing.] [+ of] |
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1. a number of things which are all different, but of the same general type |
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2. the limits between which sth varies |
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D 46 |
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1. a thing or person that is being discussed, described or dealt with |
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2. an area of knowledge studied in a school, college, etc |
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3. a person or thing being used to study sth, especially in an experiment |
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E 59 |
[+ on] |
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1. a set of questions, exercises, or practical activities to measure sb’s skill, ability, or knowledge |
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2. a short medical examination on a part of your body, or to find out what is wrong with you |
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3. a process used to find out whether equipment works correctly, or whether sth contains a particular substance |
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D 55 |
[+ for] |
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1.sth that is done to cure an illness or injury, or to make sb look and feel good |
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2.a way of behaving towards or dealing with a person or thing |
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3.a way of dealing with or discussing a subject, work of art, etc |
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adjectives |
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D 26 |
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concerned with changing; able to change when necessary in order to deal with different situations |
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verbs |
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D 51, E 129
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1. to produce a change in sb/sth syn INFLUENCE |
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2. (of a disease) to attack sb or a part of the body; to make sb become ill/sick syn AFFLICT |
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3. to make sb have strong feelings of sadness, pity, etc. syn TOUCH, MOVE |
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4. to pretend to have a particular feeling, way of speaking etc. esp. to appear impressive to others |
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D 114 |
[T not in progressive] |
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1. to be grateful for sth sb has done |
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[T not in progressive] |
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2. to understand or enjoy the good qualities or value of sb/sth |
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3. to understand how serious a situation or problem is or what sb’s feelings are |
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D 89 |
[+ sb/sth as sth] |
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1.to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb/sth after thinking about it carefully |
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[ + sth at sth] |
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2.to calculate the amount or value of sth |
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E 60 |
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to listen to and give support or professional advice to sb who needs help |
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D 48 |
[+ to / with ] |
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1. to be the same as or match sth
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[+ to] |
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2. to be similar to or the same as sth else |
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[+/ with ] |
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3. to write letters to sb and receive letters from them |
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D 1 |
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to use a supply of sth that is available to you |
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D 112 |
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to include a large number or range of things |
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D 167 |
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to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of sth after thinking about it carefully |
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D 50 |
[+ doing sth] |
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to include sth as a necessary part or result |
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be / get involved |
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to take part in an activity or event, or be connected with it in some way |
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D 163 |
[not in progressive]
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1. if a set or group includes sth or sb, it has that thing or person as one of its parts |
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2. to make sth or sb part of a larger set or group |
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E 34 |
[+ sb/sth (for sth)] |
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1. to find the size, quantity, etc. of sth in standard units |
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2. to judge the importance, value or effect of sth syn ASSESS |
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D 63,
D 94 |
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1. to be concerned with or directly connected to a particular subject |
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2. to be able to understand and have sympathy with sb/sth |
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D 2 |
sought, sought formal [seek to do sth] |
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1. to try to achieve or get sth |
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formal
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2. to ask sb for advice or help |
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formal
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3. to look for sth you need |
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D 5 |
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1. to find a way of dealing with a problem or difficult situation |
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2. to find the correct answer or explanation for sth |
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D 20 |
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to become an expert in a particular area of work, study or business; to spend more time on one area of work, etc. than on others |
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Word Families
Task 2. [individually]
Complete the chart below with the corresponding parts of speech, using Russian equivalents as prompts. Analyze the suffix, if any, which is used to form each word and write it in the box on the right from the word.
noun |
noun-building suffix |
verb |
verb-building suffix |
adjective |
adjective-building suffix |
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продвигать, развиваться
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продвинутый, передовой |
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успевающий ученик, преуспевающий человек
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достигать |
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достижимый |
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диагностируемость
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ставить диагноз
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диагностический |
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эффективность
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осуществлять |
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эффективный |
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связывать
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– |
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лечить |
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поддающийся лечению
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приспособление |
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приспосабливать(ся), адаптировать(ся)
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adaptive |
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affect
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неестественный, показной
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assess |
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– |
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correspond
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соответсвующий |
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evaluate |
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оценочный |
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измерение
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measure |
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измеримый |
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взаимоотношение
связность
относительность
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relate |
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связанный
относительный
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solve |
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разрешимый |
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специальность
специализация
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specialize |
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особый
специализирован-ный
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Task 3. [individually]
Complete the sentences with appropriate words from chart above.
Although both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists attempt to ___________ and ___________ abnormal behavior, there are basic differences between them.
Some quantitative and measurement psychologists create research strategies to assess the __________of social and educational programs and psychological treatment.
Exposure to ultraviolet light is closely ___________ to skin cancer.
They identify the kinds of medical ____________ people seek and get; why some people do not follow medical advice; and the most ____________ ways to control pain or to change poor health habits.
Because of their expertise in procedures for gathering and analyzing data, psychologists also work in the area of _____________ research.
Clinical psychology is often confused with the _____________ areas of psychiatry and counseling psychology.
There is no simple ___________ to this problem.
Behaviorists consider observable, ____________ behavior to be the only valid focus for scientific investigation.
Perhaps the most "scientific" of psychology's ___________ areas is physiological psychology.
Biospychology is the ______________ of those who adopt a biological perspective.
Educational psychologists are ___________ in learning and teaching.
Clinical psychologists ___________ in the _____________ and treatment of people who have adjustment, emotional, or other psychological problems.
The agency helps businesses fill highly _______________ positions.
Task 4. [individually]
(a) Study the derivatives of the word ‘relate’. Note the difference between them.
relationship |
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relations |
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relation |
A relationship with sb or sth is usually close, and may involve strong feelings
A relationship between people and other people or things may be either close or full of emotions, or simply a matter of fact |
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Relations between people, groups, countries etc. are often about working together or communicating. It is a more official word. |
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A relation to / between = a relationship to = a connection with / between = a link between It is usually about a simple fact |
Complete the sentences with appropriate words from (a).
What kind of _____________ does she have with her mother?
We seek to improve ______________ between our two countries.
Little of what he said has any ____________ to fact.
Most jobs bear no ___________ to people’s schooling.
The ______________ between religion and sexual behavior is unclear.
What’s your ____________ to Sue? – She’s my cousin.
Social psychologists are interested in all aspects of interpersonal _____________, including both individual and group influences.
Biological psychologists seek to discover the _______________ between biological processes and behavior.
Educational psychologists conduct research on such topics as classroom learning, teacher-student _______________, and the components of effective teaching.
There’s no ____________ between income and how much health care a person will use.
Word Choice: Synonyms
Task 5. [individually]
(a) Study the words below. Note the difference between them.
connected (adj) |
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(be) linked |
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related (adj) |
[+ to] [+ with] |
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1. If things are linked, they are related often because one strongly affects or causes the other [+ to] [+ with] |
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[+ to] |
[+ to] |
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[+ to] [+ with] [+ together] |
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2. connected by a family relationship [+ to] |
3. having a social or professional relationship with sb [+ with] |
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Complete the sentences below. In some of them all the three words can be used, in others two of the them are possible, still in others only one is appropriate.
The field of counseling psychology is closely _________________________ clinical psychology.
The two factors are directly ______________________.
The two ideas are loosely __________________________, and should not be dealt with together.
There are a lot of jobs __________________ with the environment.
Counseling psychology focuses primarily on treating people with less severe adjustment problems and everyday difficulties _________________________ to work, family, school, or marriage.
When computers are networked, they are ____________________ together so that information can be transferred between them.
The printer is ________________________ to the computer.
The personal and social development of the child are inextricably ________________ (= they depend on each other).
Clinical psychology is often confused with the _________________ areas of psychiatry and counseling psychology.
Aren’t they _________________ with his father’s business in some way?
Many psychologists today research various justice-___________________ issues.
Is Connie ___________________ to him?
The llama is _______________ to the camel.
Task 6. [individually]
Identify the difference between the words below.
connect |
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link |
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relate |
1. to join two or more things together
[+ to]
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1. to make a connection between people, groups, situations etc. [+ to] [+ with] [+ together] |
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1. show or make a connection between two or more things
[+ to] |
2. to realize that two facts, events, or people are related to each other [+ with] |
|
2.to state or prove that there is a connection or relationship between two things or people [+ to] [+ with] |
|
2.to be concerned with or directly connected to a particular subject [+ to]
|
[+ with] |
|
3. to make one action or situation dependent on another action or situation [+ to] |
|
3.to be able to have a good relationship with people because you understand their feelings [+ to] |
Translate the sentences into English using appropriate words from the boxes above.
Как эта работа соотносится с вашими профессиональными целями?
Специалисты, работающие в сфере экспериментальной психологии, пытаются соотнести поведение животных с поведением людей.
Им трудно работать, общаться с другими людьми и справляться с бытовыми проблемами.
Ученые связывают это заболевание с использованием пестицидов.
Мне было тяжело связать эти две идеи воедино.
Этих исследователей объединял интерес к выяснению причин психических расстройств.
Они ценят ее способность сочувствовать и понимать людей.
Task 7. [individually]
Study the words below. Note the difference between them. Provide Russian equivalents.
illness |
|
disease |
|
disorder |
a state of being physically or mentally ill
|
|
an illness or unhealthy condition of the body or mind, which can be named
|
|
a mental or physical problem that can affect your health for a long time |
… |
|
… |
|
… |
The words above form different collocations.
|
illness |
disease |
disorder |
psychological |
|
|
+ |
psychosomatic |
+ |
|
+ |
mental |
+ |
|
+ |
psychiatric |
+ |
|
+ |
physical |
+ |
|
+ |
childhood |
+ |
+ |
|
curable |
+ |
+ |
|
terminal |
+ |
+ |
|
serious / sever |
+ |
+ |
+ |
acute |
+ |
+ |
|
chronic |
+ |
+ |
+ |
infectious |
+ |
+ |
|
sexually transmitted |
|
+ |
|
Alzheimer's, etc |
|
+ |
|
heart / lung / liver, etc. |
|
+ |
|
eating / behavioral / emotional / nervous |
|
|
+ |
smoking-/ stress-, etc. related |
+ |
|
|
common |
+ |
+ |
+ |
rare |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Complete the collocation diagram below. Use the Russian words as prompts.
