26 То consist (of) состоять (из)

27. WAY

1)путь

Television is one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth centmy.

The secretary will give you all the necessary information.

It is quite dark at five o’clock in winter.

If you don’t know some words, you may use a dictionary.

It is possible to go there by Metro.

His knowledge of English is very good.

₄1) Many beautiful flowers grow in our garden.

2. The music grew louder.

The teacher gave each student a dictionary.

I think, therefore I exist.

I need two more days to finish my work.

1. He came only yesterday.

2. She is the pnly child in the family.

The teacher did not like the behaviour of his two pupils - they talked with each other at the lesson.

I can't decide which book to read.

1. Wait here until I come.

2. It rained until four o’clock. According to the program we shall

have this subject next year.

Water (HjO) consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

1. Which is the shortest way to the University?

2. способ

3. образ

27. EVEN

даже 29 ТО PRODUCE производить

30. HARD

1. твердый

2. трудный

3. суровый

4. упорно, много

30. ТО SEND (SENT, SENT) посылать

32 ТО KEEP (KEPT, KEPT) держать, сохранять

33. ТО BUILD (BUILT, BUILT) строить, создавать

34. То develop развивать

35. SIDE сторона

36 AS WELL AS также как, также

20. ТО THROW (THREW, THROWN)

бросать

20. ТО PAY (РАШ, РАШ) ATTENTION (ТО) обращать внимание на что-л., на кого-л.

21. ALWAYS всегда

22. ТО TRY стараться, пытаться

23. То include включать

24. ТО INFLUENCE влиять

2. This is the best way to do it.

3. He didn’t like their way of living.

It is hot in India even in winter.

This factory produces apparatuses for laboratories.

1. Glass is harder than wood

2. It’s a subject that is hard to understand.

3. He had hard times in his childhood.

4. He worked hard at Ms English.

The child was ill, and his mother sent for the doctor.

Where do you keep your books? Can you keep a secret?

They will build a new school here.

They do exercises to develop their muscles. We must develop the natural resources of our country .

One side of this box is black.

We shall travel at night as well as by day

The boy threw the ball up in the air.

You must pay attention to what the teacher tells you

I always come to the Institute on time.

I don’t think I can do it, but I'll tiy.

The program includes many theoretical subjects.

Bernard Shaw was greatly influenced by Russian literature.

20. ESPECIALLY It is very pleasant to be near the river,

особенно, в особенности especially when it is hot.

20. TO PROVIDE (TOR) He has a large family to provide for. обеспечивать, снабжать

21. FREE

1. свободный 1) I have very little free time.

2. бесплатный 2) School education is free of charge in

Russia.

2. Прочтите с.кдующне нгернацновальаые слом вслух н, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов, определите их шаченя.

history I'histari] discipline ['disiplin]

fact [fektj liberal ['libaral]

sort [so:tJ nature ['neitja]

start [start] * discuss [dis'lus]

special [ spe/al] arithmetic [s'riQmstik]

physical ['fiziklj politics f'politiks]

organize [ organaiz] service [ sarvis]

social ['soujbl] rhetoric ['retarik]

military ['militan] public ['pAblikJ

group [gm:p]

3. HtiflKR в левой колоше английские эквиваленты русских слов.

Ад as long as Б. против -Ц

* therefore вокруг 1 Jv

j always _ч поэтому' i _t

but снова Tfr

according to или

' as well as до тех пор пока (не) t>

again здесь Ъ

until только I О

here пока {

only но ч

against согласно г

around ^всегда з

- ог также С,

4. Н«идите в каждом раду слово, щипнваположное по значению первому слову ряда.

1. always a) because, b) never^^c)) almost, d) again

2. early a) complete, b) finally, c) late, d) quite

3. free a) young, b) fail, c) rich,^)busy

4. hard a) light, b) warm,(^J)easy, d) soft

a) to require, b) to pass, c) to thank, d) to study a) special, h) necessary, c) free, ^impossible a) to try, b) to think, c) to receive, d) to use a) to stand, b) to live, c) to repeat, d) to leave a) to enter, b) to take, c) to last, d) to return

1. between,(Б) before, c) next/ d) almost

5. 5. to (ail

   6. possible

   7. to send

   8. to return

   9. to graduate 10. after

   Подберите пары слоя, имеющих сходное значение.

1. ito complete

2. to take an examination

3. to attend a lecture -< important

i to receive !• to return v usually s wish i to leave

0. to grow v to need u each

: s to consist of n way - to make * ’ hard

0. * to build

state

6. Прочитайте и переведите на русский

ал essential part of his work

to divide into pails

necessary knowledge

bard day

hard material

the best way of life

the other side of the street

other inventions

early in the morning

to make it possible

to send for a doctor

to teach English

to grow warm

good behaviour

to keep one’s word

Б. will 5 to go out to become to require I x, every always to include £ to come back S to get road essential s to come to the lecture to produce it difficult j^to construct 1 to have an examination 1 to finish ц country

язык следующие словосочетания.

to decide where to go to produce different things hard work to work hard to build a new road to develop national economy the shortest way to the centre of the city to grow fruit quite a child each day always ready according to the plan to show a new film

to find an old dictionary

to need money to include many details especially important free time

a free (of charge) education to use my father’s library

to build a factory

to pay attention to your mistakes

to try for the second time

to be provided with good material

7. Решите кроссворд.

1. Food is ... for life.

2. A branch of knowledge studied in a system of education.

3. Cars keep to the left ... of the road in England.

4. The process of teaching and training of mind and character.

5. The result of education.

6. 1000 kg = 1 ....

7. The person who produced something for the first time.

8. The science of numbers.

9* One of the teaching methods in institutes and universities.

\1
	2
	3
	4								1
5
	6
	7
	8								1
	9

WORD-BUILDING

8. а) Проанализируйте модели образования слов, протпгге и перевед ете слова и слово­сочетания, созданные на их основе, б) Затем переведите словосочетания в разделе Б (правый столбец).

А,

МОДЕЛЬ 3 основа прилагательного + -1у -► наречие

free — свободный possible — возможный deep — глубокий safe — безопасный easy— легкий simple — простой

freely — свободно

possibly —

deeply - J

safely -

easily -

simply - ______

МОДЕЛЬ 4

основа существительного + ~ic —> прилагательное

cube — куб cubic — кубический

atmosphere — атмосфера atmospheric — _____

history — история historic - _

metallic - basic -

metal — металл base — основа

МОДЕЛЬ 5 основа глагола + -mertt -> существительное

/

to attach — прикреплять to assess — оценивать to move — двигать to establish — устанавливать to replace — заменять to develop — развивать to punish — наказывать

Б.

to engage— зацеплять to manage — руководить to invest — вносить вклад to improve — улучшать to embellish — приукрашивать to displace— смещать to align — выравнивать considerable — значительный correct — правильный successful — успешный easy — легкий exact— точный real — реальный system - система loud — громкий to cut — резать

attachment - прикрепление

assessment —

movement —

establishment —

replacement — _____

development —

punishment —

engagement of parts

good management

large investments

great improvement

embellishment of facts

displacement of parts

alignment of machine elements

to change considerably

to speak correctly

to pass an examination successfully

to find easily

to know exactly

realistic approach (подход)

systematic work

to speak loudly

metal cutter

9. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющее общий корень со словами перед текстом. Опреде­лите, гчгими частями речи «ян являются и каковы их эиачеякя. Зим прочтите и переведите текст,

to sleep - спать particular - особенный energy - энергия

The data (данные) show that just as too little sleep is detrimental (вредный) to human organism, too much sleep is detrimental as well, particularly if one sleeps two hours more. People who sleep six hours or less a day are more energetic Those who require 9 hours are slow movers. The long sleepers are passive. Long sleepers and short sleepers spend about

equal amounts of time (равное количество времени) in deep sleep, but the long sleepers dream (видеть сны) much more.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

10. Проашишэируйге формы глагола Indefinite Passive, приведенные в таблице. Затем про<пкге текст и скажите, в каких предложениях употреблены формы Indefinite Passive.

Времеш гругшы Indefinite Passive
to be + Participle П
Infinitive	to be written
	to be translated
Present	The letter is written/translated.
Past	The letter was written/translated.
Future	The letter will be written/translated.

Moscow University is one of the oldest buildings in Moscow, ft is situated in the centre of Moscow opposite the Kremlin. It was designed by the Russian architect Kazakov and built from 1782 to 1793. In 1812 it was completely destroyed by fire and restored in 1817-1819 by the Russian architect Zhilyardi (Жилярди). Now the building is officially registered as an old * monument of Russian architecture and is protected by /he Government.

11. Сравните следующие пары предложений и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The teacher asks the students a lot of questions. The students are asked a lot of questions

2. He told them an interesting story. He was told an interesting story.

3. She visited her friends. She was visited by her friends.

1. will give you a good book. I will be given a good book.

5. The rector will receive you at 3 o’clock. You will be received on Wednesday.

6. They will show us a new film tomorrow. They will be shown a new film tomorrow,

12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на ска­зуемое в страдательном залоге.

А. 1. The books were borrowed from the central library.

2. An interesting problem was discussed at the lecture.

3. The newspapers are usually brought in the morning.

4. When was the Moscow University founded?

5. All the work will be done by automatic machinery.

6. New houses are built everywhere: in cities, towns, and villages.

7. The experiments will be completed by the end of the week.

8. The young workers are trained to use the new equipment.

9. A lot of time is given to the study of the new methods of work.

10. The lectures on mathematics were attended by all the students.

11. English sportsmen will be met by die students of the Institute of Physical Culture.

Б. 1. Usually the students are examined in room 41.

2. At the Institute the students are taught many different subjects.

3. The academic year is divided into two terms.

4. The children of Sparta were given a military education.

5. In Athens special attention was paid to reading, writing and literature.

6. The boy was told to be back at home at 6 o'clock.

7. This road was built last year.

8. The electric lamp was invented by Yablochkov.

9. The telegram will be sent tomorrow.

10. This building will be completed very soon.

11. A new library will be opened in our district next week.

13. Переаеднге следующие предложении в» русский язык, обращая шшне т глаго­лы, требующие после себя отделенных предлогов.

to look at - смотреть на to рву attention to - обращать внимание на

to look for- искать что-л., кого-л. to listen to - слушать что-л> to look after - присматривать to speak to smb about smth — говорить с кем-л.

to look through - просматривать о чем-л,

to work on - работать над to take care of- заботиться о ком-л.

to wait fob* “ ждать кого-л. to send for - посылать за кем-л.

to refer to - ссылаться на что-л.

1. Не was listened to with great attention

2. The documents were sent for a week ago.

3. This poet is much spoken about.

4. The child was looked for everywhere.

5. Her children will be taken care of.

6. You are always waited for,

7. The picture was attentively looked at.

8. This book is often refereed to.

9. The work of this student was paid attention to.

10. He worked hard on his new novel

11. She looked after her little sister when her mother was at work

12. He looked through the morning newspapers at breakfast.

14. а) Оэвакожгесь с формами модальных глаголов, их эквивалентами и постарайтесь запомшпъ их. 6) Затем прочтите тексты А н Б н постарайтесь определить, в каких случаях употребляется выделенная форма глагола.

Модальные глаголы и их эквивалента

долженствование - must, should, to have to, to be to

физическая возможность can, could, to be able to

разрешение - may, might, to be allowed to

1. My TV set broke yesterday. I called a TV repair man. But he could not come yesterday. He can’t come today either. He is too busy. He says he will not be able to come tomorrow, because tomorrow is Sunday, and he does not work on Sunday.

Б. Maria had to make an important decision recently. She lost her job as a bookkeeper when her company went bankrupt, and she had to decide

what to do. She could find another job as a bookkeeper, but she decided to

study computer programming. Maria thinks she made the right decision.

15. Заполните пропуежн щшши глаголами can, may, must, should.

1. Nina is ill. She ... stay in bed.

2. Drivers ... stop when they see the red light.

3. Betty asked: .. I open the window?”

4. Betty asked her father: “... I go to the concert tonight?” Her father said, “Yes, you ... go.”

5. Mary is free tonight. She ... go to the dance.

6. Alec will have an English lesson tomorrow. He ... study tonight.

7. Mark is a good student He ... speak English well.

8. There is no ink in my pen. ... I write with a pencil?

9. My friend gave me an interesting book to read. She said, “You ... keep it for seven days.”

10. You ... do what the doctor says.

11. You ... study much if you want to pass the examination well.

12. You ... not smoke in the dining-room.

13. Little children ... go to bed early.

14. If you are ill, you ... consult a doctor.

16. Отнесите информацию, о которой идет речь, к будущему и прошлому, используя со­ответствующую форму модального глагола или его жшиинг,

ОБРАЗЕЦ А: Не must learn the new words regularly.

He had to learn the new words regularly.

He will have to learn the new words regularly.

1. We must pass the examination in physics.

2. He must leave early in the morning.

3. You must read the text again.

4. They must begin their work at 9 o’clock.

5. She must go there at once.

ОБРАЗЕЦ Б. He can skate well.

He could skate well.

He will be able to skate well. '

1. He can continue his studies at the evening department.

1. can meet you at the Metro station.

3. His father can help him in his studies.

1. can translate this text without a dictionary.

4. She can play tennis after work.

ОБРАЗЕЦ В; You may open the window.

You were not allowed to open the window You w ill be allowed to open the window.

1. You may go home after classes.

2. They may continue the experiment.

3. The students may use dictionaries at the translation test.

4. He may take my pen

5. The tourists may attend the sitting of the Parliament.

17. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание н» перевод мод&шшх глаголов и их эквивалентов.

1. Who can translate this sentence?

2. You can go to Vologda by train or by airplane.

3. Could you speak English a year ago?

1. hope they will be able to reach die village before it grows dark.

5. You may go away now, I shall finish the work myself.

6. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language.

7. Your son must stay in bed because he is still ill.

8. You should take a taxi if you don’t want to be late for the concert

9. Students are not allowed to smoke in the classrooms.

10. He was not allowed to enter the concert hall after the third bell.

11. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again.

12. We were to meet at the static» at six

13. He was to stay at the office until the report was ready.

14. You will have to repeat the materia! of the lectures before the examination.

15. We were to send his letter of recommendation by air mail.

16. You should try to find out all the essential facts connected with his work in the Antarctic.

17. The team of experts is to study the present situation in the country.

18. Do you know the student who is to make a report at our next meeting?

19. You should influence your friend. He is not studying the way he should.

18. Прочитайте следующие предложения i исрефразмруйте их, употребляя ыстмишй залог.

*

1. In this lesson special attention is paid to the translation of passive constructions

2 1 am often helped by my younger brother.

3. The letter will be answered at once.

4. If I am not mistaken, this book is often referred to.

5. The secretary was sent for

6. The students will be shown a new film on the development of automobile industry in Russia.

7. He had much work to do yesterday.

8. You must not cross the street on the red light.

9. The new words should be repeated as often as possible.

1. shall have to tell him everything.

3. He is to come at 5.

4. You may open the window, it is hot here.

5. They were to meet at the station.

6. The experiment should be finished today.

7. Childrai under 16 are not allowed to see this film.

8. Can you tell me where she lives?

17 He could not show me the way to the nearest Metro station.

19. Прочитайте предложения, употребив глаголы, даише в скобках, в требуемых по смыслу формах. ^

1. At the Institute the students (to be taught) many different subjects

2. The children of Sparta (to be given) military education. &^а'^/с

3. In Athens special attention (to be paid) to reading, writing and literature. pai<

4. Next year a new sdiool (to be built) near our house. wtt? ^t‘^{r Lu}-

5. Jack will be free tomorrow, thpre§>re we (to be able) to play football as long as we want ^л '* ’ ^r *f&A

6. Mother didn’t like Pete’s behaviour and (not to allow) him to go to the cinema.

7. Yesterday we (have to) come to school at 8 o’clock but Nina came cnlyat9. Uo di

8. At the factory the young workers (to be trained) to use the new equipment.

9. Take the book home so that you (to be able) to read it in the evening.

20. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степе­ни сравнения пршшпггелыад и наречий. _у

1. It is better to go there by plane. It is much quicker than by train.

2. The physics laboratory of this Institute has the best apparatus for the experiment.

3. The road became worse as we won along.

4. The more you experiment, the better.

5. He begins to work much earlier than I do.

6. He was given the most difficult task.

7. The last report at the conference was the most interesting.

8. Edison could work at his experiments for days and weeks. Sometimes he slept less than five hours a day.

9. The work has to be done in the least possible time.

10, It is the least you could do for her.

AUDIAL PRACTICE

1. Is it possible to tell the character and behaviour of a person by his or her handwriting?

1. Listen to a story about a writer who thought he was able to do it. Be ready to answer the questions below.

1. Who is the story about?

2. What do you know about Balzac?

3. What feature of his character was he proud of?

4. Why did a woman friend of Balzac come to him one day?

5. How could Balzac tell the character and behaviour of a person?

6. What did Balzac say to his friend?

7. What do you think of a person’s ability to tell a character and behaviour by handwriting?

2. You are the woman who showed the exercise-book to Balzac. Tell your friends about the episode.

2. People have always been concerned about their children’s education. In the 19th century the Americans also discussed this problem. There were three groups of people who had different ideas.

1. Listen to the text “The Story of American Schools”. Formulate your ideas about the problems in the chart and place ticks in its corresponding boxes.

The children should	(тгоир 1	Стгоир 2	Group 3
leam to read, (o write, etc.
work at factories		9
know the Bible
help their families at home
1Ъе winners of the debate

2. Check your answers with the teacher or your groupmates.

3. Read the tapescript of the text on p. 421. Look up the words you do not know in your dictionary.

ORAL PRACTICE

1. Topic. My Institute.

1. A delegation of students and teachers from Cambridge are on a visit at your institute. You are asked to tell the guests about it. Present information on:

1. the name of your institute;

2. its location;

3. the departments at your institute (day-time, evening or corres­pondence),

4. how long the complete course lasts;

5. the number of students at the institute;

6. the subjects you study (humanities, technical subjects, sciences);

7. the equipment the institute is provided with;

8. the examinations you take and the grants you receive;

9. the students’ hostels;

10) what you like and what you don’t like about your institute.

2. Pairwork. Paul rings up Julia to invite her to the cinema,

1. Listen to their telephone conversation.

PAUL. Hello! Can I speak to Julia?

JULIA. That’s me.

PAUL. It’s Paul speaking. How are you?

JULJA \ Fine. Thank you. How are things with you?

PAUL: Not bad. I was thinking of going to the cinema this evening. Would you like to cone?

JULIA: That’d be lovely. But I’m busy tonight My parents are expecting

some visitors and I’ve promised to help them. Perhaps some other

time. ,

PA UL: What about tomorrow? I’ll try to buy tickets and give you a ring. JULIA : That’s a good idea.

PAUL: Settled then. Bye-bye.

JULIA: Bye-bye.

2. Complete the dialogues.

I. A.: * 2. A.:

2. : That’s me. B.: That’d be lovely, but...

1. : A.:

2. : Fine, thank you. ... B.: I’ll give you a ring.

1. : Not bad.

ЗА.: I was thinking of going to the country. What about Sunday?

2. :

1. : Settled.

2. :

3. Think of some good questions for the following answers. The answers needn’t be true.

1. As long as I live. 6. Especially for me.

2. Early in the morning. 7. My parents.

3. Quite possible. 8 The teacher

4. Only you and me. 9. Physical training.

5. Always. 10. Insidd.

3. Helen and Peter are friends. They often spend their free time together. Now they are discussing their plans for next week. Student A takes the part of Helen. Student В takes the part of Peter.

HELEN: Here is your diary for next week. If you are free, accept your friend’s invitation If you are not free, you must say why.

Monday	9 a.m.-2 p.m. - classes 7 p.m. -shaome
Tuesday	9 a.m.-3 p.m. - classes
Wednesday	9 a.m.-3 p.m. - classes 5 p.m. - Disco club
Thursday	9 a.m.-3 p.m. — classes 7 p.m. - shaping
Friday	9 a.m.-2 p.m. - classes shopping
Saturday	9 a.m.-2 p.m. - classes
Sunday

PETER: You want Helen to go to the cinema with you on Wednesday. You also want to invite her to go to the country with your friends either on Saturday or on Sunday.

4. Discussion. Your friend who is 20 years old works as a car mechanic. He wants to continue his education in order to become an engineer. He doesn’t know which department to choose, day-time or evening. Help him to solve his problem Give your reasons

1. Your friend has already made up a list of pros and cons. Look through it and think of some more.

Day-time institute	Evening institute
For	For
The course is a year shorter. You have more time for self- study and entertainment. You study more subjects and become a better specialist in ytiur field	Your practical experience makes it easier for you to study special subjects. You have prospects of pro­motion. You no longer depend fi­nancially on your parents.

2. Discuss the problem in groups of 3-3 students in order to make a decision.

3. 

   Fill in the chart and give your reasons.

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3
Day-time institute
Evening institute

READING PRACTICE

1. a) Education is extremely important Cor our civilization. Some countries contributed greatly to the development of educational systems. Read the text

“History of Education" and complete the table containing some information about systems of education in different countries.

The паше of the country	Who was taught	What was taught
Egypt	The sons of nobles	Reading, physical education,, good behaviour
Ancient India
China
Spaita
Athens
Roman State
Great Britain

&ЕХГ2А} HISTORY OF EDUCATION

1. As long as we live we continue to leam, and the education we receive when we ате young helps us to continue learning. We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort then^rt¹ so that later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people

The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man childrenvbegan to be taught by people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thbogfat that schools first started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that it was the invention of writing which made them ^necessary? Reading and writing were^quite different from tha skills used in everyday life, and writing made it possible toijtofg» up knowledge which grew with each generation: Specially trained people were thereforeneede^, to teach it. ^

2. Only thefsdns of nobles² attended-, the first jigyptian schools, which taught reading, physical education and good behaviour. In эпсГей India the priestly caste³ Redded what should be taught to each of the four castes, or groups, into which people were divided^

Only the priestly caste was<allow^^:o leam the Hindu scriptures. In China, until the 19th century, education was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of learning the scriptures by heart

3. A <£ieab example of the way in winch even neighbouring peoples produce different types of education comes from ancient Greece. Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, hard and warlike people, gave afturely military education to their children At the age of seven all boys of

^гЛл^> !r' , *

noble families were taken from their homes and sent to live in schools. They were kept under a very ^n^/ discipline and were taught hunting, rrylitaty scouting; swimming and the use of weapons. Tbe Spartanssdespised) literature, and some people think they could not even read. ' ( ^•

At the very same time, also fox the nobles only, the Athenians were building what we call a liberal education⁴ - one that helps a man to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life. They thought it important to educate the body as well as the mind, and had a programme of physical training which consisted of running, jumping, ^jwesffing' and (foowmg) the discuSy As time went on Athenian education <j)aid)special аЙегШоп to reading, writing and literature and these were taught by a special teacher, known as the “graiyujiatjst” people were not educated, they were

trained in craftsmanship,. workmanship, traded

Greek philosophers, or thinkers, always ''discusscd what education should try to do and what it should include. Plato wrote a book called The Republic, which is one of the best books ever written on education, and since those days Greek ideas have influenced European education, especially secondary and university education.

4. The Romans were very good at organizing, and $eywere the first people to have schools run by the government³ free of%arge^v Throughout: their great empire there was anetworkfof these schools which prowled for three stages of education. "■

At six or seven all boys (and some girls) went to the primary school, where they learned ‘'three R’s": reading, writing, and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than this, but at 12 or 13, boys of the rich families went on to the “grammar” school to study the Greek and Latin languages and literatures, that is, what had been written in those languages. At 16, young nobles who wanted to aiter politics or the service of their country wait to the schools of rhetoric to be trained in rhetoric, or public speaking.

5. In Great Britain the first teachers we read about vrerecraftsmen. They taught children to read, write and^count, to cook апсКдк^ their own shoes In the early 19th century the main system of teaching was the “Monitor” system. The teacher ^oiitd^ifiiffiag^a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or “monitors” tobelp him The schools had long desks which were sometimes iSrrahged jn Befih so that the teacher could see every child in a large class. ^v' ^

NOTES TO THE TEXT

1. to sort out - отбирать, распределять (по сортам)

2. nobles - знать

3. the priestly caste - привилегированная каста духовенства

4. a liberal education - гуманитарное образование

5. schools run by the government - школы, находящиеся в ведении государства

6. the “Monitor” system (of teaching) - Ланкастерская система образования, при которой старшие ученики следят за младшими

2. Find in the text passages describing the organization'of education in ancient Egypt, India and China and compare them with the Russian translation below. Try to find five or more mistakes in the translation.

Только сыновья из знатных семей посещали первую египет­скую школу, где их учили чтению, физической культуре и хоро­шим манерам. В древней Индии только каста жрецов определяла что будут изучать четыре касты или группы, на которые были раз­делены люди.

Только касте жрецов разрешалось изучать священные книги. В Китае начиная с 19 века обучение было организовано социаль­ными классами и заключалось в заучивании наизусть религи­озных текстов.

3. Find the passage describing the difference in education between Sparta and Athens and translate it orally into Russian.

4. Read aloud the passage about education in Athens. (Approximate time of reading is one minute.)

5. Try to find In the text sentences with Passive Voice. (10 sentences are a good result, but maybe you can find more.)

6. Find in the text and put down key words to speak about education in Roman Empire and Great Britain.

attend sdiool, government schools, ...

2. a) Skim tbe text, trying to understand what it is about Time your reading. It is good if you can read it for five minutes (70 word? per minute).

TEXT 2B

THE OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE BOAT RACE

Sporting activities at Oxford and Cambndge are varied and numerous. There are different competitions (соревнование) between the colleges. One of the most popular spoits is rowing (гребля). At the aid of the term long, narrow, light boats, rowed by eight men, compete m the races. Boats start at short intervals one after another and try to knbet tfie boat in frorlt Those who are able to do it move one place in a table (таблица) and the college at the top of the table is known as the “Head of the River”.

Rowing has a long history in England Rowing a boat with eight oars (весло) or with four oars was first started in England in the 18th century.

*

At that time the boats took part in festivals and processions on the River Thames.

In the 19th century people started to use the boats for racing, not only in London on the Thames but also in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The first Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge was held in 1829.

Nearly every year since then there has been a Boat Race between these two Universities. It is held in London on the Thames, during the Easter vacation, at the aid of March or the beginning of April.

The course, from Putney to Mortlake, is 4 1/4 miles long. It has many turns, and the Ct'efoe usually row the 4 1/4 miles in 20 minutes.

The crews of the boats, chosen from the members of the college Boat Clubs, train together for twelve weeks before the race, first in Oxford or Cambridge and finally in London In each boat there are eight oarsmen and a coxswain (рулевой), usually called a “cox”. The cox, who is much lighter than the others, sets the speed and the rhythm, and &£ers!

On Boat Race Saturday the banks and bridges of the Thames are thick with people who have come to watch. Some wear dark blue ribbons (лента) for Oxford, and sane wear pale blue ones for Cambridge

2. Choose the statements which correspond to the contents of the text

1. Students of Oxford and Cambridge compete only in rowing and swimming.

2. Boats rowed by eight and four men take part in the competition between the Universities now.

3. Two centuries ago people could see boats with eight and four mm taking part in festivals.

4. The first boat competition was organized in the 19th century

5. The weather is usually very hot at the period of Boat Race.

6. The sportsmen prepare for the competition together in Oxford, Cambridge and London

7. On the day of the competition people who come to see the race have ribbons of a special colour to show what University they support.

3. Read the text to find answers to the given questions.

TEXT2C STUDENTS’ LIFE

1. What tradition is popular among the students at Cambridge?

In two weeks I shall finish my first year at Cambridge. Let me tell you something about students’ life and my impressions of it.

The students are mainly English, but there are many others, particularly so in the block of rooms in which I live, for my ^neighbours include a Chinese studying law, an Indian studying English, a~Canadian studying history and a Frenchman studying jscience.

The rooms have, ^ pleasant outlook over the College gardens. There is a very small (pifHsfeve>on which we make coffee⁷ or tea. It is a popular tradition here to invite friends in the afternoon for tea and hot buttered toast¹ and jam. To each room there is a man-servant who with a woman- servant, known as a “bedder”,² keep it clean.

In the old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were ^ergym^i (священник), and their life was much more strict; and disciplined ffian now. Friendship with young ladies was not allow»! and the only women inside the college were washerwomen. The legend" is that these had to be “old and {igfpT (уродливые).

The students eat their meals in the College jdinmg-hali^ At some Colleges there is an interesting tradition. It is known as “sconcing”.³ If a student comes late to dinner or he is not correctly dressed, or if he breaks one of the Йт|)(закон) of behaviour, then the senior student orders him to be “sconced’^r~^

A large silver cup, known as “sconce cup”, filled with beef, is thought and placed in front of him and he must drink it in one attempt without taking the cup from his^ips (itjhol^ two and a half pints, or 1.5 litres). If he can do it, then the senior student pays for it, if not, the cup is passed round and the student who has been ¹ sconced” must pay for it. In general the discipline is not strict.

3. What do the so-called “Bulldogs” do if a student whom they come up to runs away?

The students can stay out till twelve o’clock. Each evening a Proctor⁴ with two assistants, called “Bulldogs”, walks about the town keeping an eye on the students’ behaviour If he seesa student breaking a rule he will come up to him and say, “Are you a member of the University, sir?”, and if a student runs away, then the “Bulldogs” run after him, and if they catch him (they are chosen, it is said, because they are good runners), fine (штрафо­вать) him.

^ \Agait)from fines a student may be dismissed (исключать) from the University for one term.

lat students’ societies are there at Cambridge and which is the lost popular one?

"We attend our lectures in the morning and in the afternoon we are free. I Uy work in my room or play some sport. The most popular sport is

There are over a hundred societies and clubs. There are religious jjbcieties and a society for those who don't believe, political, sporting and dramatic societies. There is even one for people with beards Perhaps the most popular is the Debating Society at which students debate political and other questions with famous politicians and writers.

The walks into tbe country, the talks, the games and the work, the traditions and the customs — all are part of the students’ life which would be poorer if any of them was lost.

NOTES TO THE TEXT

¹ hat buttered toast - нарезанный ломтиками и подрумяненный хлеб с маслом a bedder - горничная в университетских общежитиях

3. sconcing - наложение штрафа на студентов за нарушение правил

4. a Proctor - административное лицо в университете, в чьи обязанности вхо­дит надзор за поведением студентов и наложение дисциплинарных взысканий

4. Can a young man who is 26 yein old get the job advertised below? It is known that the man graduated from the Michigan University took his Master’s degree in civil engineering. He has worked as an assistant at the University for three years.

TEXT 2D

4

TRAFFIC ENGINEER NEEDED AT COUNCIL

The National Safety Council is seeking a qualified traffic engineer to join its team of safety experts at its Chicago headquari^rs! The person selected will develop safety programs and provide traffic and highway safety services to national and international groups that are leaders in the field.

The qualified candidate must possess a rmnim^ of five years’ experiaice in traffic aigineering dotations with Emphasis on field experience. A Bachelor of science degree in civil engineering is required, and a Master’s degree is preferred, a£ is experience in traffic records.

The Council offers a competitive starting salary and a full-fringe baiefit package.

Please send resume in confidence to: F. Cook, Personnel Department, National Safety Council, Michigan Ave., Chicago.

WRITING PRACTICE ,

On your arrival to foreign countries you are asked to fill in either a landing card or an entry card. You have arrived in Dreamland and received an «try card. Look it through, find the part to fill in and complete it following the instructions given.

ENTRY CARD Please complete clearly in BLOCK CAPITALS.*.
Familv name
Forenames
Date of birth
Day Month Nationality	Year
Place of birth
Sex: 1 - Mate 2 - Female Occupation
Passooit No.
Date of issue
Purpose of entry; 1 - Employment 2-Residence 3 - Visit 4-Transit 5 - Special Permit 6-Tourism 7 - Study
Address in Dreamland Si [mature
For official use only; Date of entry No. of Visa Dale of Issue File No. Flight No. Signature Passport Officer

* Если требуется заполнить бланк in “Ыоск capitals” (letters), это зна­чит, что необходимо писать печатными буквами. В графе “Nationality” нужно указать страну проживания Russia или указать национальность Russian. В графе '‘Sex” - male (мужчина), female (женщина). “Date of issue” - дата выдачи заграничного паспорта.