Phonetics. Звук [ ¶]. Звуки [ s, z]. Звук [³]
Звук [¶]
При произнесении английского звука [¶] кончик языка касается альвеол (бугорков за перед-ними верхними зубами). Если вы поставите кончик языка на альвеолы и произнесете русский звук «ч» (чай, часто), то получите английский звук [¶]Этот звук произносится отчетливо и слитно и не смягчается перед гласными. Типичной ошибкой является неотчетливое звучание [¶]. Для преодо-ления этой ошибки кончик языка следует дольше задержать у альвеол, продлив звучание [¶].
Английский звук [¶]звучит в следующих английских словах:
[di¶] ditch – канава; [¶ik] chick – цыпленок;
[ei¶] age – возраст; [¶ein] chain – цепь;
[ri:¶] reach – достичь; [‘ben¶iz] benches – скамейки;
[ben¶] bench – скамейка; [‘mi¶il] Mitchell – Митчелл;
[¶i:z] cheese – сыр; [‘pik¶e] picture – картина;
[¶est] chest – сундук; [‘ti:¶er] teacher – учитель.
Звуки [S, Z]
При произнесении [S, Z] кончик языка поднят к альвеолам, но не касается их. Звук [S] – глухой, поэтому он произносится отчетливо, особенно в конце слов. Звук [Z] напоминает русские сочетания в словах: «шить», «жить». Вот так звучит [S]в английских словах:
[Sip] ship – корабль; [‘finiS] finish – финиш;
[Si:p] cheep – овца; [‘treZə] terasure – сокровище;
[Seip] chape – форма; [‘meZə] measure – мерка;
[Sou] chow – показ; [‘pleZə] pleasure – удовольствие;
[Sai] shy – робкий; [viZn] vision – видение.
На письме звук [S] передается буквосочетанием sh: ship, shelf, shut, fish, finish. Этот звук также звучит в суффиксах -tion, sian: vacation, Russian.
Звук [Z] не имеет буквенного соответствия. Он произносится лишь в суффиксах: -sure, -sion: pleasure, measure, vision.
Звук [³]
Звук [³] артикулируется так же, как [¶], но произносится звонко. Оба элемента звука следует произносить слитно, не отрывая кончик языка от альвеол. Английский звук [³] звучит в следующих английских словах:
[³im] gym – спортзал; [vili³] village – деревня;
[³ein] Jane – Джейн; [kei³] cage – клетка;
[³il] Jill – Джил; [le³] ledge – выступ;
[³u:n] June – июнь; [si:³] siege – осада;
[‘dein³ə] danger – опасность; [‘pei³iz] pages – страницы;
[‘ei³iz] ages – долгий срок; [in’gei³mən] engagement – помолвка.
На письме звук [³] передается:
– буквой j: Jill, Jane, June;
– буквой g – перед гласными e, i, y: Gem, cage, gym; исключение составляют слова: get [get], give [giv], gift [gift].
В английском языке согласный различаются по звонкости-глухости. Поэтому не следует смешивать звонкий [³] и глухой [¶], так как это приводит к путанице слов:
[¶in] – [³in] – chin – gin – подбородок – джин;
[¶ein] – [³ein] – chain – Jane – цепь – Джейн;
[¶est] – [³est]; – chest – jest – сундук – шутка;
[¶u:] – [³u:] – chew – Jew – жевать – еврей;
[ri¶] – [ri³] – rich – ridge – богатый – горный хребет.
Grammar “The Past Perfect Tense”
The Past Perfect Tense употребляется:
– в простых предложениях, когда действие уже закончилось к определенному моменту в прошлом.
Слова-сигналы: с предлогом by (к) by 6 o’clock, by the evening, by Monday, by the end of the week:
Мы сдали все зачеты к началу июня;
– в сложноподчиненных предложениях Past Perfect может употребляться как в главном предложении, так и в придаточном в зависимости от того, какое действие произошло раньше:
Они пригласили нас на фильм, который мы уже видели («видели» произошло раньше, чем «пригласили»).
Мы уже видели этот фильм, когда они пригласили нас.
Образование The Past Perfect Tense
To have in Past Indefinite + Participle II
Had
Participle II – причастие 2, третья форма английского глагола, для правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления окончания -ed к неопределенной форме глагола без частицы – to-, а для неправильных глаголов – 3-я колонка таблицы неправильных глаголов (см. стр. 60).
e.g.: We had passed all the credits by the beginning of June.
They invited us to the film which we had already seen.
We had already seen the film when they invited us.
В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол HAD употребляется перед подлежащим.
e.g.: What had we already passed the beginning of June?
What had we already done by the beginning of June?
Who had already passed the credits by 3?
BUT: When did you pass the credits? (Вопрос с WHEN задается в Past Indefinite.)
Where had we already seen the film when they invited us?
Had we seen the film when they invited us?
Для образования отрицательной формы Past Perfect к вспомогательному глаголу HAD добавляется отрицательная частица NOT.
e.g.: The boy hadn’t done all the work by the evening.
They gave me the book which I had not read yet.
My friend hadn’t rung me up before he came home.
ЗАДАНИЯ ПО ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ
№ 1. Put the verb in brackets in the Past Perfect Tense or the Past Indefinite Tense
(Поставьте глагол в скобках в Past Perfect или Past Indefinite).
By 8 o’clock the teacher (to examine) _________________________ all the students.
On my way to the Institute I (to remember) __________________ that I (to leave) _____________________ my report at home.
All my friends (to be glad) ___________________ that I (to pass) __________________ my exams successfully.
When they (to enter) _________________ the hall, the show already (to begin) ______________.
№ 2. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Папа пришел домой к 6. _____________________________________________
2. Когда я пришел домой вчера, я увидел, что брат сломал мою ручку.
___________________________________________________________________
3. На прошлой неделе я нашел книгу, которую потерял летом.
_________________________________________________________________
4. Вдруг он вспомнил, что не позвонил ей вечером.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Мэри сказала мне, что она приготовила обед.
____________________________________________________________________
Topics: “What’s she wearing?”
“I’M GOING TO SAVE MONEY”
Vocabulary Box
Trousers – брюки; jeans – джинсы; a skirt – юбка; a shirt – рубашка; a T-shirt – футболка; socks – носки; shorts – шорты; a dress – платье; a tie – галстук; a jacket – куртка; a sweater – свитер; shoes – туфли; trainers – кроссовки; a coat – пальто; a rain-coat – плащ; a fur coat – шуба; gloves – перчатки; mittens – варежки
№ 3. Read and translate the text.
Different seasons – different clothes
There are four seasons in the year. Each of them brings different weather and different dresses. When it is hot people wear T-shirts and shorts, light blouses and skirts, sport shoes, socks and sandals. In summer people dress in this way in Africa, Russia, Canada, Ireland, Great Britain and America. In cold weather people usually put on warm clothes: jeans and trousers, sweaters and jackets, overcoats and caps.
In winter they wear fur coats and fur caps, high boots and mittens or gloves. The proverb says: there is no bad weather, there are bad clothes. Another proverb says: everything is good in its season. When you think what to wear, choose the right dress. Think what is good at the sports ground and what is good at the party and why a long dress looks beautiful on a woman but is funny on a little girl. When you buy clothes, try them on, make sure that they are your size, that they suit you well and that you like their colour.
Notes to the text
To put smth on – одеть что-либо на себя, но будьте внимательны: to take smth off – снять что-либо с себя.
To wear – носить (одежду).
Имя существительное – clothes – в английском языке имеет форму множественного числа в отличие от русского языка; e.g.: Your clothes are nice. Where are your clothes?
№ 4. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.
1) What do you wear when it is hot?
2) When do you put on warm clothes?
3) What do you put on in winter?
4) What clothes are good at the sport ground?
5) What will you put on at the party?
1) ____________________________________________________________________________.
2) ____________________________________________________________________________.
3) ____________________________________________________________________________.
4) ____________________________________________________________________________.
5) ____________________________________________________________________________.
№ 5. Finish the sentences. Закончите предложения.
I usually wear on my feet ___________________________________________________.
Men usually wear _________________________________________________________.
Women usually wear ______________________________________________________.
I wear _______________________________________ when it is hot.
I wear _______________________________________ when it is cold.
№ 6. Describe yourself and what you are wearing at the moment. Use the Present Continuous Tense. Опишите себя, во что Вы сейчас одеты. Употребляйте the Present Continuous Tense.
I’m wearing comfortable shoes at the moment.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
№ 7. Make a list of clothes you have got which are:
Составьте список одежды, которая у Вас есть, которая:
Comfortable __________________________________________
Warm _______________________________________________
Fashionable __________________________________________
Smart ________________________________________________
Casual ________________________________________________
№ 8. Read the questionnaire and answer the questions.
What do your clothes say about you?
Прочитайте вопросы и ответьте на них. Что Ваша одежда говорит о Вас?
1. You see someone with blue hair wearing a yellow jacket and red trousers. What do you do?
a) smile b) laugh c) wear the same clothes
2. You are going to an interview. What do you wear?
a) jeans b) a suit c) something comfortable
3. You’re going to work. What do you wear?
a) trousers b) trainers c) a jacket
4. You’re going to a party. What do you wear?
a) a jacket b) a T-shirt c) a suit)a dress
5. You’re buying a new jacket. What colour do you buy?
a) black b) red c) orange
6. You’re buying clothes for cold weather. Which is more important?
a) comfort b) warmth c) fashion
7. You want to give a good impression. Which style do you choose?
a) comfortable but smart b) smart and formal c) casual
8. What kind of clothes do you prefer?
a) cheap b) expensive c) fashionable
9. You’re going to play tennis. What do you wear for the game?
a) a tie b) shorts c) a sweater
10. It’s very hot at work or school. What do you do?
a) wear shorts b) take off your jacket c) do nothing
1. a2 b3 c1
2. a2 b3 c1
3. a2 b1 c3
4. a2 b1 c3
5. a3 b2 c1
6. a3 b2 c1
7. a3 b2 c1
8. a2 b1 c3
9. a1 b3 c2
10. a1 b2 c3
ADD YOUR SCORES AND SEE ….
21–30 points – you like to wear exactly what you want. Sometimes this may get into trouble.
11–20 points – you are quite casual. Sometimes you don’t wear the right clothes for the situation.
1–10 points – you’re very careful to wear the right clothes for the right situation.
№ 9. Choose the correct verb form. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
He usually wears/is wearing jeans.
She wears/is wearing a T-shirt at the moment.
Nick puts on/is putting on a new coat now.
They put on/are putting on coats when it’s cold.
№ 10. Read the text. Прочитайте текст.
“WHAT I AM GOING TO SAVE MONEY FOR”
For most people there is no problem in deciding how they are going to spend the money they earn – it all goes on housing, food, clothes, transport and, if they are lucky, leisure and some holidays. Many of us have spent our lives without doing anything out of the ordinary and now I have got a marvelous opportunity of doing something exciting and I will.
I am going to take a trip round the world. I am going to do a lot of sight seeing. I am going to put up at expensive hotels and spend much money on entertainment and other exciting things. I think my resolutions are wonderful. And what are you going to do?
Notes:
Запомните! В английском языке есть оборот to be going to для выражения намерения что-то сделать в будущем. I am going to read this article tomorrow. (Я собираюсь прочесть эту статью завтра.)
Оборот to be going to употребляется также для выражения уверенности говорящего в том, что действие обязательно произойдет в ближайшем будущем.
Money – деньги – сущ., в англ. яз. имеет форму ед. ч., ему соответствует местоимение – it.
To put up at – остановиться (в гостинице).
№ 11. Complete the plans with suitable reasons. Закончите планы, давая подходящие причины.
I am going to save money because ___________________________________________________
I am going to buy new clothes because _______________________________________________
We are going to go running onсе a week because _______________________________________
I’m going to spend more time at home because _________________________________________
№ 12. Write sentences what you are going to do this month. Напишите, что Вы собираетесь делать в этом месяце.
I am going to _____________________________________________________________
I am going to ____________________________________________________________
I am going to _____________________________________________________________
I am going to _____________________________________________________________
№ 13. Write what you are not going to do this week. Напишите, что Вы не собираетесь делать в этом месяце.
I am not going to __________________________________________________________
I am not going to __________________________________________________________
I am not going to __________________________________________________________
I am not going to __________________________________________________________
№ 14. Write intensions. Use so. Напишите о своих намерениях. Используйте SO.
I can’t swim so I am going __________________________________________________
I don’t know English well so ________________________________________________
He doesn’t earn much so ____________________________________________________
They don’t read it so _______________________________________________________
HAVE FUN
№ 15. Read the idioms and try to translate them and use them in your speech.
Прочитайте идиомы и попытайтесь перевести их. Используйте их в своей речи.
At the drop of a hat – without waiting, immediately
Below the belt – in an unfair way
Birthday suit – complete nakedness
Come into fashion – become fashionable
Dressed to kill – wear one’s finest clothes
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№ 16. Learn the words of the following song.
Strangers in the Night
Writer(s): Kaempfert/Singleton/Snyder
Strangers in the night exchanging glances
Wondering in the night
What were the chances we'd be sharing love
Before the night was through.
Something in your eyes was so inviting,
Something in you smile was so exciting,
Something in my heart,
Told me I must have you.
Strangers in the night, two lonely people
We were strangers in the night
Up to the moment
When we said our first hello.
Little did we know
Love was just a glance away,
A warm embracing dance away and –
Ever since that night we've been together.
Lovers at first sight, in love forever.
It turned out so right,
For strangers in the night.
№ 17. Try to read this tongue-twister.
How many cookies could a good cook cook? Could a good cook cook cookies?
A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies.
№ 18. Read some funny stories.
a) One day Pete came home from school and said :”I was the only pupil today who could answer the teacher’s question.” – Very nice, Pete. And what was the question?” – “The teacher asked who broke the window in the classroom?”
b) During a geography lesson the teacher is speaking to his pupils about the points of compass. He tells them that when they are facing the north, the south is behind them, while the east is on the right hand and the west is on the left hand. Just then he sees that one of the boys is not listening to him. He asked him: “Bobby, stand up and tell me what is on your right hand?” Bobby stands up and says,” Please, sir, there is some ink on it, and I can’t get rid of it.”
Prof-reading text
Read the following text and translate it into Russian. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
The art of advertising
Nowadays market economy is widespread all over the world. Any company in these conditions faces a lot of different questions such as arranging marketing system, arranging management system and so on. And the problem of advertising the product is practically at the top of the list.
Some people think that to advertise means to let the customers know about your product. Maybe it was so many years ago. Today, in times of severe competition, a function of advertising is much more complex. You should not only let people know, you should make them buy. In different forms, in different words you should convince everybody that your product is really the best.
So when such a problem appeared, advertising was transformed into a science. It was a mixture of management, marketing and psychology. But the large amount of ads around began to aggravate people. And then the science was developed into the art of advertising. It became creative. Even special institutes exit today where people learn how to advertise and how to do it professionally.
Notes to the text:
To face smth – сталкиваться с необходимостью
To arrange – организовать
To advertise – рекламировать
To convince – убеждать, уговаривать
Psychology – психология
Creative – креативный, творческий от глагола – to create – творить, создавать
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№ 19. Answer the following questions. Ответьте на вопросы.
What questions does any company face?
__________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the main function of advertising?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Why should they convince customers?
__________________________________________________________________________
4. How do you understand the expression “the art of advertising”?
________________________________________________________________
№ 20. Give the English equivalents. Дайте английские эквиваленты.
Организация маркетинговой системы ________________________________.
Реклама продукта ________________________________.
Конкуренция ____________________________.
Не только знать, а покупать ______________________________________________.
Убедить любого __________________________________.
Раздражать людей ______________________________.
Искусство рекламы ________________________________________.
Стала креативной __________________________________________.
Профессионально ________________________________________.
№ 21. Advertise any product you like. Прорекламируйте товар, который Вам нравится.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
№ 22. Translate the following extract into English. Переведите следующий отрывок на английский язык.
Что такое брэнд? Это не только торговая марка компании, но и название определенного продукта, который мы употребляем каждый день. Например, говоря о кофе, многие из нас произносят Нескафе, а не кофе. Рекламные компании выпускают огромное количество брэндов. Иногда сами брэнды стоят больше, чем сама компания. Реклама направлена на то, чтобы убедить покупателя купить именно этот товар, а не другой, у конкурента.
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LESSON 3