Рецензия на статью «Особенности самоконтроля младших школьников как универсального учебного действия»

В статье «Особенности самоконтроля младших школьников как универсального учебного действия» Н. рассматривает содержание понятия «самоконтроль в учебной деятельности младших школьников» в условиях перехода на новые образовательные стандарты, в которых целью и основным результатом образования признается развитие личности ребенка за счет усвоения универсальных учебных действий, обеспечивающих его способность к самообразованию.

Актуальность темы, рассматриваемой автором статьи, не вызывает сомнения, так как изменение целей начального общего образования предполагает умение младших школьников осуществлять самоконтроль за процессом усвоения и применения универсальных учебных действий, что расширяет рамки области применения самоконтроля в учебной деятельности на начальном этапе обучения. Более того, включение самоконтроля в состав универсальных учебных действий дает возможность рассмотреть это понятие в рамках теории деятельности.

Н. обосновывает выбор классификации типов самоконтроля на основании наличия или отсутствия эталона для сличения: самоконтроль в форме произвольного внимания, упреждающий самоконтроль и рефлексивный самоконтроль. Далее автор устанавливает соответствие между типами самоконтроля и способами учебной работы (специфическими предметными способами, индивидуальными способами и способами организации учения), а также результатами, достигаемыми в процессе обучения (способом учения, общим способом решения задач данного класса и результатом выполнения конкретного задания на учебном материале). Интерес представляет определение роли и места самоконтроля и процессе освоения нового материала.

Автор предлагает использовать специальные средства для фиксации результатов учебной деятельности, что позволяет младшим школьникам осуществлять мониторинг своей учебной деятельности и развивает у них контрольно-оценочные умения.

Отдельного внимания заслуживает подход автора к понятию самоконтроля с точки зрения теории деятельности и уточненный операционный состав действия самоконтроля.

Статья Н. «Особенности самоконтроля младших школьников как универсального учебного действия» соответствует требованиям, предъявляемым к работам данного типа. Статья рекомендована к публикации.

Часть 2. Практические задания Texte 1. What is a computer?

Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of the processing in a specified format as information.

Three basic steps are involved in the process. First, data is fed into the computer's memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form.

Information in the form of data and programs is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer is system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the central processing unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals.

Perhaps the most influential component is the central processing unit. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices.

Storage devices (floppy, hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Disk drives are used to handle one or more floppy disks. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the key­board. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.

On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners. These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration.

The nerve centre of a microcomputer is the central processing unit or CPU. This unit is built into a single microprocessor chip – an integrated circuit – which executes program instructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation. The unit consists of three main parts:

• the control unit, which examines the instructions in the user’s program, interprets each instruction and causes the circuits and the rest of the components – disk drives, monitor, etc. – to be activated to execute the functions specified;

• the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs mathematical calculations (+, -, etc.) and logical operations (and, or, etc.);

• the registers, which are high-speed units of memory used to store and control information. One of these registers is the program counter (PC) which keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory. Another is the instruction register (IR) which holds the instruction that is currently being executed.

One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data – the number of bits – they can work with at a time. There are 8, 16, 32 and 64-bit processors. The computer’s internal architecture is evolving so quickly that the new 64-bit processors are able to address 4 billion times more information than a 32-bit system.

The programs and data which pass through the central processor must be loaded into the main memory (also called the internal memory) in order to be processed. Thus, when the user runs an application, the microprocessor looks for it on secondary storage devices (disks) and transfers a copy of the application into the RAM area. RAM (random access memory) is temporary, i.e. its information is lost when the computer is turned off. However, the ROM section (read only memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the processor.

Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allow users to install adapters or expansion boards. Popular adapters include high-resolution graphics boards, memory expansion boards, and internal modems.

The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its microprocessor. A clock provides pulses at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize circuits and units. The clock speed is measured in MHz (megahertz) and refers to the frequency at which pulses are emitted. For example, a CPU running at 500 MHz (500 million cycles per second) is likely to provide a very fast processing rate and will enable the computer to handle the most demanding applications.

1. Read the text.

1. Pick up the key words.

2. Divide the text into logical parts.

3. Make up an outline of the text.

4. Find the main idea in each part of the text.

5. Express the main idea of each part in one sentence.

6. Find supporting details in each part of the text.

7. Compress the text excluding the supporting details.

8. Express the main idea of the text in one sentence.

9. Write an annotation/a summary of the text using words and word combinations from your active vocabulary and sample summaries.