- •2. Translate into English using the above-mentioned patterns.
- •Strong Doubt can, could smb do, be doing? – неужели кто-то что-то делает?
- •1. Translate into Russian.
- •2. Translate into English, use patterns a and b.
- •2. She didn’t explain to me how to do it.
- •3. Translate the following.
- •2. Transform the following sentences into requests or suggestions, or reproach according to the patterns
- •1. Translate the following.
- •1. Translate into Russian.
- •2. Refer the statement to the past by changing the form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pattern:
- •3. Translate the following sentences taking in mind: must can not be used to express near certainty about a negative or a future action. In such cases use the word probably. Patterns:
- •Near Certainty smb must be smth, must be doing smth, must have been smth, must have done smth, must have been doing smth - должно быть, по-видимому Patterns:
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Translate into English. Use the above-mentioned pattern.
- •2. Match each sentence in 1-4 with a suitable comment a-d. Translate them into Russian. Indicate the function.
- •Near Certainty (the Suppositional Meaning) smb should do smth, should be smth - должно быть, вероятно, по- видимому
- •1. Give advice to do or not to do something using the following word combinations. Translate them using the above structures.
- •2. He was wearing a scruffy shirt.
- •2. Translate into English. Give two variants (would and used to) where possible.
- •1. Paraphrase the following using the above - stated modal verb. Translate.
- •Near Certainty (the Suppositional Meaning) smb, smth will, would be, be doing smth smb will, would have been, have done smth - должно быть, по-видимому
- •2. Translate the following. Indicate the functions in each case for will and would.
- •12. Conclusive tests on modals
- •1. Underline the correct answer and indicate the corresponding function.
- •2. Underline the correct word a, b, c or d to fill the spaces.
- •3. Indicate the corresponding function for the use of shall and will, should and would. Translate the sentences.
- •5. Underline the correct modal verb in these sentences.
- •7. Use modal perfect forms with the verbs in italics to complete this passage about the photograph. Translate the text.
- •8. Summary revision. Each modal verb can have several meanings. For each of the following sentences, two explanations are given. Underline the most likely explanation.
- •9. Rewrite the sentences to make them refer to the past.
- •10. Transform positive into negative.
- •4. A: I bought my Mum some perfume, but she didn’t like it.
- •5. A: I thought she was Spanish, not French.
- •6. A: I don’t know what had happened, but he had a black eye and bruises all aver his face.
- •13. In the extracts from “The Best Laid Plans” by Sidney Sheldon (1997) comment on various uses of modal verbs.
- •5. Translate the following into English using modal verbs.
- •15. Read the extracts which describe what is considered the polite thing to do when invited to a social occasion in Britain. Indicate the functions of the modal verbs, translate them into Russian.
- •16. Discuss what it would be good to do in these awkward situations. Use as many various modal verbs as possible.
2. Translate the following. Indicate the functions in each case for will and would.
1. Они слишком долго там стоят, по-видимому, дверь не открывается. 2. Ножницы не режут. 3. Она ни как не хотела говорить, что она там видела. 4. Оставайтесь с нами посмотреть концерт. 5. Заполните, пожалуйста, этот формуляр. 6. Она, бывало, всегда рассказывала о своих поездках. 7. Сейчас же сходи и проверь все замки. 8. Напишите пять примеров на это правило. 9. Второе он есть не стал, и я не смогла его заставить. 10. Дверь все время открывается. 11. Я обязательно посмотрю этот фильм. 12. Проходите, пожалуйста.
12. Conclusive tests on modals
1. Underline the correct answer and indicate the corresponding function.
1) Alice must / had to leave the meeting early because she had a train to catch.
2) What you must / should have done is to call the police, not get involved yourself.
3) I will /could be able to speak better if I practise more.
4) Bernadette has done so little work, she should / needn’t have bothered to come to class today.
5) I didn’t / couldn’t get tickets after all – they were sold out.
2. Underline the correct word a, b, c or d to fill the spaces.
a) It ….. be weeks before the building is actually finished.
A must B would C ought to D could
b) You …… even have lost your job by then, who knows?
A should B may C can D will
c) That ….. be Kate coming home now. Go and open the door for her, will you?
A will B can C ought D shall
d) Things ….. have been worse – everything seemed to be going wrong at once.
A shouldn’t B couldn’t C mustn’t D may
3. Indicate the corresponding function for the use of shall and will, should and would. Translate the sentences.
1. He will not make that sacrifice for us.
2. He shall not make that sacrifice for us.
3. I shall try to focus that the feeling and make inexpert efforts to find where it leads.
4. I shall presently find means to smuggle you out of here.
5. I will find some kind of work for you tomorrow, without fail.
6. I shall drown; no one will help me.
7. I will drown; no one shall help me.
8. Will he take the proofs to the printer?
9. Shall he take the proofs to the printer?
10. Will you dance with me?
51
4. Match a first sentence with a second one (a-j) to make short exchanges.
1. “Shall we go to a Chinese restaurant this evening?”
2. “May I borrow your calculator for a moment”?
3. “Would you help me get the dinner ready?”
4. “You shouldn’t get upset so easily.”
5. “You ought to have gone to the doctor as soon as you felt bad.”
6. “Do you think I should go and complain to the manager”?
7. “I’m sorry but you can’t hand in the assignment a month late.”
8. “Could I have some time off to visit my friend in hospital?’’
9. “Can I get you anything from the shops?”
10. “You shouldn’t have spoken like that to your mother.”
a) “Not really; I’ll be popping out myself in a minute.”
b) “I’d rather stay at home.”
c) “Actually, it would be difficult to do without you right now.”
d) “Could you give me another week then?”
e) “It’s up to you really; it depends how strongly you feel.”
f) “I’m sorry but I’m using it.”
g) “I’ve apologized; what else can I do?”
h) “Do I have to? I’ve got to do my homework.”
i) “I can’t help it; he really makes me furious.”
j) “I couldn’t because there was no one to take me.”