III. Match each word on the left with the correct definition on the right:

1.	an arsonist	a.	sets fire to property illegally
2.	a shoplifter	b.	is anyone who breaks the law
3.	an offender	c.	breaks into houses or other buildings to steal
4.	a vandal	d.	steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer
5.	a burglar	e.	kills someone
6.	a murderer	f.	causes damage to property
7.	a kidnapper	g.	steals things from people's pockets in crowded places
8.	a pickpocket	h.	gets secret information from another country
9.	an accomplice	i.	buys and sells drugs illegally
10.	a drug dealer	j.	takes away people by force and demands money for their return
11.	a spy	k.	helps a criminal in a criminal act
12.	a terrorist	l.	uses violence for political reasons

1.	an assassin	a.	causes damage or disturbance in public places
2.	a hooligan	b.	hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey
3.	a stowaway	c.	takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change course
4.	a thief	d.	murders for political reasons or a reward
5.	a hijacker	e.	is someone who steals
6.	a forger	f.	makes false money or signatures
7.	a robber	g.	is a member of a criminal group
8.	a smuggler	h.	steals money etc. by force from people or places
9.	a traitor	i.	marries illegally, being married already
10.	a gangster	j.	is a soldier who runs away from the army
11.	a deserter	k.	brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax
12.	a bigamist	l.	betrays his or her country to another state

VI. Read and translate the text:

Criminal Law is the body of law that defines criminal offences, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected persons, and fixes punishment for convicted offenders.

The offences that involve criminal law, a part of public law, are those against the state. Criminal law presupposes a rule of law in defining acts as criminal. In other words, when an act seems to be immoral or unjust, it is not a crime unless the law says it is one. Under the common law, custom and precedent define criminal action; in countries where a legal code exists, statute defines it. Criminal law usually prohibits the trial of a person a second time for the same offence (double jeopardy) and contains statutes of limitations — that is, limits for the period during which charges may be made.

A crime is usually defined as a voluntary act or omission, in conjunction with a given state of mind. Acts committed during fits of epilepsy or while sleepwalking are involuntary and are not qualified as crimes. Mental disorders are also recognized as limiting responsibility for acts otherwise regarded as criminal. Other factors that determine criminal intent are self-defence, defence of other persons, protection of property, and enforcement of the law. The law of most countries recognizes that the use of force, while not justifiable, maybe excused if the defendant believed that the use of force was necessitated by special circumstances.

Criminal acts include arson, rape, treason, aggravated assault, theft, burglary, robbery, and murder. Other concerns of criminal law are cons­piracy, a term that defines agreement between two or more individuals to commit a crime, and attempt. The definition of attempt varies from one legal system to another, but essentially it is preparation for criminal action.

Important differences exist between the criminal law of most English-speaking countries and that of other countries. The criminal law of England and the United States derives from the traditional English common law of crimes and has its origins in the judicial decisions embodied in reports of decided cases. England has consistently rejected all efforts toward comprehensive legislative codification of its criminal law; even now there is no statutory definition of murder in English law. Some Commonwealth countries, notably India, have enacted criminal codes that are based on the English common law of crimes.

The criminal law of the United States, derived from the English common law, has been adapted in some respects to American conditions. In the majority of the U.S. states the common law of crimes has been repealed by legislation. The effect of such statutes is that no person may be tried for any offence that is not specified in the statutory law of the state. But even in these states the common-law principles still exist, and the criminal statutes are often simply codifications of the common law.

In Europe the criminal law of modern times has emerged from various codifications. The most important were the two Napoleonic codes of 1808 and 1810. The German codes of 1871 (penal code) and 1877 (procedure) provided the models for other European countries.

In the last few decades the movement for codification and law reform has made considerable progress everywhere.

Modern criminal law has been affected by the social sciences, especially with respect to sentencing, legal research, legislation, and rehabilitation.