Культурологическая информация о слове

The Oxford Dictionary of New Words. Edited by Elizabeth Knowles with Julia Elliott. - Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. – 1998. – 357 p.

Foodie /’fu:di/ noun

In colloquial use: a person whose hobby or main interest is food; a gourmet. Formed by adding the suffix –ie (as in groupie) to food; one of a succession of such formations during the eighties for people who are fans of a particular thing or activity.

Although gourmets have been around for a long time, the term foodie is an invention of the early eighties. Its use was encouraged by the food and wine pages of the newspaper supplements and the growth of a magazine industry for which food is a central interest. The foodie is interested not just in eating good food, but in preparing it, reading about it, and talking about it as well. The fashion is sometimes referred to disparagingly as foodie-ism.

Foodies are discovering ingredients like red Swiss chard, fresh dates and miniature golden pearshaped tomatoes.

- Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine 11 Oct. 1992, p. 38

It would be very easy for a programme of this sort to lurch from one extreme to another and, as a counterweight to the hamburger culture, lure children into the equally objectionable world of

- Daily Telegraph 29 Aug. 1994, p. 15

A foodie – это человек, увлекающийся едой; гурман. Хотя гурманы существуют уже много лет, the foodies появились только в 80-х гг. под влиянием красочных приложений к воскресным газетам (the weekend colour supplements), посвященных еде, винам и модным ресторанам. A foodie любит не только хорошо поесть, но и приготовить пищу, интересуется литературой по кулинарии, также гастрономическими новинками (“ a new eating experience”). В 1984 г. в Англии было издано «Официальное пособие для гурманов» – The Official Foodie Handbook. Что касается самого слова, окончание –ie часто встречается в полусленговых словах, например: fundie (фундаменталист), groupie (фанат поп-группы или известной театральной личности, присутствующий их вступлениях).

Hunk

Первоначально слово hunk означало большой кусок хлеба или мяса, а позже – большой неуклюжий, неловкий человек, «недотепа» (с последним значением употребляется в настоящее время слово hunk). Сейчас словом hunk называют молодого, красивого, мускулистого и сексуально привлекательного человека. Имеется в виду внешность, телосложение. Самый известный hunk нашего времени – Арнольд Шварцнеггер. Прилагательное – hunky или hunksome.

Hussy

Дерзкая, распущенная женщина. Женщину, которая не скрывает свою распущенность, называют a brazen (наглая, бесстыдная) hussy. Слово hussy – это разговорный вариант от housewife (домохозяйка). Housewife означает также наборы швейных принадлежностей (иголки, нитки, ножницы, булавки), которые раздают новобранцам. В этом контексте слово произносится hussif [‘hAzif]

P’S AND Q’S

To mind one’s p’s and q’s значит соблюдать осторожность в речи или поведении. You’d better mind you p’s and q’s with him. – Смотри, веди себя при нем как следует. Вероятно, выражение ведет свое происхождение от увещевания английских школьников, начинающих читать, не путать буквы p и q. Некоторые считают, что p = please и q = thank you, т.е. нужно помнить о вежливости, не забывать слова «пожалуйста» и «спасибо».

Маковский М.М. Историко-этимологический словарь английского языка. – М.: Издательский дом «Диалог», 1999. – 416 с.

ВЕ v. «быть». Понятие Бытия, согласно языческим представлениям, связано с тем, что Божество рассекло (и. –е. *bhei-: ср. гот. bā «оба, два» < «разорванный пополам») Хаос (ср. и. –е. *bhē- «внешний, находящийся на периферии»); подобным же образом и. –е. *kes- «разрывать» соотносится с хет. kiša «быть, существовать». Разрыв Хаоса знаменовал создание огненной вертикали (и. –е. *bhā- «гореть») - символа божества и всего божественного: ср. и. –е. *bhū- «вздыматься вверх», арм. bir «столб» < *bhi-ro. Все формы английского глагола to be соотносятся с понятием вздымающегося вверх огня: am < *as-m «огонь»; are u. –e. *ar- «огонь; гореть» (ср. бретонск. aer «змея»: метафорически «язык извивающегося пламени»); were < *uer- «гореть; вздыматься вверх». Подобным же образом mox. A talk «быть» соотносится с и. –е. *(s)thā- «стоять, вздыматься вверх». Первоэлементом Бытия был не только Огонь (и. –е. *bhā-), но и Слово (и. –е. *bhā-).

BUTTERFLY n. «бабочка». По поверьям древних, душа человека после смерти могла перевоплощаться в насекомых. При этом значение «душа» обычно соотносилось со значением «огонь, божественный огонь». В связи с этим первую часть английского слова butterfly «бабочка» можно соотнести с и. –е. корнем *bhu-t «душа», «огонь». Подобным же образом русск. ‘бабочка’ соотносится с и. –е. корнем *bhā- «гореть»; лат. papilio «бабочка» соотносится с и. –е. корнем *pel- «гореть; огонь» (редупликация); ирл. teine-dé «бабочка» буквально означает «божественный огонь» (ирл. tein «огонь» + dé «бог, божественный»), литовск. drugys означает одновременно и «бабочка» и «жар, лихорадка»; греч. ήπιόλος «бабочка» соотносится с греч. ήπιόλης «жар, лихорадка».

С другой стороны, в древности был распространен миф, согласно которому души умерших испытывает голод, который можно утолить только маслом или сметаной. В этой связи английское слово butterfly «бабочка» соотносится с греч. ßουτυρον «масло» (греч. ßους «корова» + греч. τυρος «сыр», ср. русск. ‘тюря’: корова считалась божественным животным, воплощением божественной души). Подобным же образом и нем. Schmetterling «бабочка» соотносится с нем. Schmetten «сметана».

Longman Language Activator.

The World’s First Production Dictionary.

– Longman. – 1993. – 1587 p.

ROAD/pATH

1. a road in a town

2. a road outside a town

3. a small road in the country

4. a wide road for cars to travel quickly between cities

5. a road that goes around a city so that people driving cars can avoid it

6. a hard path at the side of the road made for people to walk on

7. a natural path in the country

1 a road in a town

road Main Street

street back street

high street alley

road /rqud/ a hard level surface made for cars and other vehicles to travel on [n C]

Dixon stepped into the road and raised his hand, shouting, “Taxi. Taxi.” | Before crossing the road, stop, look, and listen. | across/over the road (=on the other side of the road) A window lives in the house just across the road. | along/down/up the road (=on the same road) I went to the girls’ school down the road. | main road (=a large road where there is likely to be a lot of traffic) They turned left at the gas station, into the busy main road. | busy road (=a road where there is a lot of traffic) We’re coming up to a busy road and it’s dangerous, so hold my hand.

street /stri:t/ a road with houses or shops, and usually a path on both sides, in the middle of a town or in a part of a town where there are a lot of houses, shops etc [n C]

There were stores on both sides of the street. | Pablo loved wandering through the streets and cafes of Barcelona. | side street (=a small quiet street away from any main roads) If the car park’s full you might find a space in one of the side streets. | live in a street (British) / on a street (American) She had lived in the same street in London all her life.

high street /'hai stri:t/ a British expression meaning the main shopping street in the middle of a town [n C]

The High Street was crowded with Saturday morning shoppers. | Our bank has a branch in every high street.

Main Street /'mein stri:t/ an American expression meaning the main street in the middle of a town or city where there are a lot of shops, offices, hotels etc [n C]

Every Fourth of July there is a parade down Main Street. | Let’s have lunch at the diner on Main Street.

back street /'bæk stri:t/ a small street, away from the centre of a town, where there are no large shops or important buildings [n C]

They went exploring the dark, narrow back streets of the old part of town. | It took us almost an hour to find her house in a narrow little back street.

alley /'æli/ a very narrow street or part between buildings in a town [n C]

A narrow alley led up between the houses to the main street. | Women in white aprons gossiped in the alley between the apartment blocks.

2 a road outside a town

road /rqud/ [n C]

road

We drove into the countryside, along straight roads lined with trees. | The hospital was right on Route 66, the main road across the United States. | There are many interesting things to see on the road to Cairo.

3 a small road in the country

lane

track

dirt road

lane /lein/ a narrow road connecting villages or farms, sometimes with a few houses beside it [n C]

We rode our bikes along the little country lanes. | It’s a great day for the country show, but all those cars will jam the narrow lanes.

track /træk/ a narrow road leading to a farm or field, usually formed by the pressure of farm or field, usually formed by the pressure of farm vehicles on the ground [n C]

The track was only wide enough for one car. | The road leading to the farm was little more than a rough track.

dirt road /'dE:trqud/ a narrow road with a dirt or soil surface [n C]

A dirt road ran from the highway past the dump and into some trees. | Rain fell continuously and turned the winding dirt road into a river of slippery mud.

4 a wide road for cars to travel quickly between cities

motorway

highway

freeway/expressway

motorway /'mqutqwei/ a British word meaning a wide fast road that connects big cities and towns [n C]

The speed limit on British motorways is 70 miles an hour. | It’s motorway nearly all the way – you should get there in a couple of hours. | the M1/M62 etc motorway The M1 motorway links London with the north of England.

highway /'haiwei/ an American word meaning a wide fast road that connects big cities and towns [n C]

I was on the four-lane highway now, finally free of the downtown traffic. | highway 61/70 etc There’s a police mobile phone unit somewhere on highway 61.

freeway/expressway /'fri:wei, ik'spreswei/ an American word meaning a wide, fast road that takes traffic into and out of a big ity and is often busy [n C]

Marcia drove onto the freeway, joining the Saturday traffic leaving the city. | They got into the expressway to Manhattan. | We need to build more freeways to speed up traffic around Los Angeles.

5 a road that goes around a city so that people driving cars can avoid it

by-pass

ring road

by-pass /'bai pa:s || -pæs/ [n C]

It will be much quicker if we take the by-pass rather than drive through the middle of town. | The village has become much quieter, since the creation of the by-pass.

ring road /'riη rqud/ a British word meaning a circular road around the edge of a large town, with roads leading from it into the centre of the town [n C]

The ring road goes right around London..

6 a hard path at the side of the road made for people to walk on

sidewalk

pavement

sidewalk /'saidwO:k/ a word used especcially in American English meaning a path at the side of a road made for people to walk on [n C]

We agreed to meet on the sidewalk, in front of the UN building. | A weed grew from every crack in the sidewalk.

pavement /'peivmqnt/ a British word meaning a path at the side of a road made for people to walk on [n C]

Christopher wandered along the pavement, looking into shop windows. | What annoys me is that everyone parks on the pavement in front of our house.

7 a natural path in the country

path

tootpath

trall

path /pa:θ || pæθ / [n C]

She went through the gate and followed the path across the fields. | There used to be a path down to the stream but it’s all overgrown now. | A narrow grassy path led down the hill to the town.

tootpath /futpa:θ || -pæθ / a British word meaning a narrow public path for people to walk on through farms, parks, hills etc [n C]

It was a pleasant walk along the public footpath beside the river. | Mining companies are blasting away the sides of beautiful valleys and destroying footpaths and woodland.

trall /treil/ a very rough path, especially in a forest or in the mountains, for people and animals to walk on [n C]

We followed a narrow trail which led into the forest.

[Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.

Scotland, New Lanark: Brockhampton

Press. – 1995. – p. 114]

HORSE

• a horse-laugh a coarse, unmeaning laugh. One night, Mr. Yates being funnier than usual, if possible, a single horse-laugh suddenly exploded among the fiddles.

• to flog a dead horse to agitate for the revival of a creed that is extinct.

Arguing against Tom Paine is like flogging a dead horse.

• horse-play rough amusement. To be sure it was a boy, not a man, and child’s-play is sometimes preferred by the theatre-going world even to horse-play.

• to take horse to journey on horse-back. He took horse to the Lake of Constance, which is formed by the entry of the Rhine.

• one-horse mean; petty; in a small way. An Americanism. Oh, well, Phode Island is a one-horse state, where everybody pays taxes and goes to church.

• on one’s high horse puffed-up; arrogant. Well, the colonel does seem to be on his high horse, ma’am.