11. Формы собственности. Частное предпринимательство, партнерство, зао, оао, преимущества и недостатки. Порядок регистрации.

Sole trader(individual proprietorship) - the earliest form of business - owned and managed by one person+ a number of paid assistants to help with the actual work. Manufacturer produces and sells. Now- mass produced goods. “+” Easy to set up (if the capital is available), freedom to do as he likes in running the business, keeps all the profits himself, finances are confidential, offers personal service, can adapt to local needs.

“-” Unlimited pers. liability – if the business fails he is responsible for all of the debts himself (may be made to sell possession to pay creditors), tied to the business – after trading hours there are accounts, ordering, planning etc., Rejected new projects – as capital is limited, the expansion is restricted, no continuity.

Partnership - up to 20 people join together to form a partnership. Solicitors, accountants, doctors- more. Put in capital and share the work and profits. Tailor - made agreement is drawn up and it is binding upon all of them: sets financial, working conditions. May be called by the name of the members, or name and Co., mustn’t add Ltd.

“+”More capital available, sharing the work with partners, easy to form – no complex legal problems just agreement, more new ideas, any loses are shared among partners.

“-” Limited capital for large scale business, possible disagreements among partners, unlimited liability (in the event of large loss personal possessions sold to pay creditors), no continuity of the business ( breaks up on the death, retirement or bankruptcy).

Sleeping (limited) partnership. One working partner with unlimited liability, others just invest capital in a firm. They are not allowed to do any work, but share in the profits.

“+”more money available, investors are not allowed to work, share losses.

“-” losses are shared up to the amount they have put in.

Private limited company- If a business needs more capital, or feels that it is unwise to have unlimited liability. Allows more than 2 people to invest money buying shares, shares cannot be sold to general public through Stock Exchange, only with the directors’ permission to people of whom they approve. Shareholders may /may not take part in the running of the business. Board of Directors is appointed to run it. Company makes profit  dividends on each share. Must have Ltd. after the name.

“+” More capital than partnerships, Limited liability- liable only for the amount he has invested, continuity – board of directors continue the business whoever dies or retires, legal position – company in their own right.

“-” Expensive to set up – heavy legal and accountancy fees + stamp duty, limited capital – shares can’t be sold to the general public, annual inspections – carefully audited accounts- expensive.

Procedure of registration: Large sums of money, people might be persuaded to invest in fraudulent companies strict law on the formation Ltd. 1.Detailed business plan (business, technical, administrative aspects). 2. A layer draws up this info in 2 documents: Memorandum of Association: name of the company, type of business, total share capital, kind of shares it will issue. Articles of Association (internal structure and way of operation): powers and duties of the director, issue and transfer of shares, salaries, appointment of a managing director. 3. Both doc. are sent to the Registrar of Companies (gov. department- checks new companies). If it is satisfied with details- company is registered and issued with the Certificate of Incorporation (this gives the permission to start trading).

Public Limited Company- if LTD becomes prosperous, wants to expand to a larger scale- needs more capital. PLC can advertise to the general public to invest money in it by buying shares. No max. number of shareholders (at least 2). Min. capital – £50,000 pounds. At least ¼ of the shares must be fully paid.

“+” Can advertise for capital from the public - funds are almost limitless, huge projects are available (sea oil exploration), management and ownership can be separate – management is controlled by shareholders on annual meetings, liability is limited to the amount of the investment, legal identity – can be treated as a real person under law, continuity.

“-”must have min capital of 50000pounds. Expensive and complex to set up –legal fees, general expenses, stamp duties, management can be criticized at annual general meetings this may hinder the progress. Management can become impersonal, inflexible and inefficient - can lead to expensive and wasteful overstaffing. Confidential information has to be opened to the public  could make comp. be liable to take-over bids and political pressures.

Procedure: 1.Submits to the Registrar of Companies: Memorandum of Association+ Articles of Association. Issues: Prospectus – sets out for the public the aims and background of the company (for shareholders to make their mind whether to invest in it). 2. If the Registrar is satisfied – gives a Certificate of Incorporation (can’t start trading yet)

3. Company advertises its new shares for sale (public issue) or sells privately to pension funds, insurance companies or other big financial institutions (private placing). 4. When proposed number of shares sold – enough capital- applies for a Trading Certificate to the Registrar. 5. Registrar is satisfied  issues the Trading Certificate

Public Enterprises- industries and services that are run directly be the central government or by local municipal authorities. Industries are vital to the country, but not profitable to run by a private firm.

12. структура компании. История создания, основные направления деятельности, этапы развития, производственные мощности, иерархия, основы успешной деятельности на примере компаний Shell/Colgate-Palmolive/Procter&gamble.

At the top of the company hierarchy is the Board of Directors, headed by the Chairperson or President. The Board is responsible for and looks after police decisions and long-term strategy. It will usually appoint a Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer, who has overall responsibility for the running of the business. He oversees all aspects of activities. Senior managers or company officers head various departments or functions within the company. Director is responsible for the day-to-day management. Supervisory Board: monitors the general course of business, supervise policies, implement policies, ensure that issues and practices are shared across activities.

Colgate-Palmolive.

• 1806 – foundation (as a starch, soap and candle business in NY) by William Colgate. For 100 years operated in the USA.

• 1900s – expansion into Europe, Latin America and Far East

• In more recent years it has set up operations in Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Eastern Europe and China- became a global consumer. Sales outlets – 200 countries

• Business activities –5 sectors- Oral Care, Body Care, Household Surface Care, Fabric Care, Pet Nutrition, Health Care.

• 1990 – to strengthen its presence in professional products, Bought the Oar Farm company of Australia and Schemer laboratories USA;

• Company Strengths: for many years has had a strong dental education at shools throughout the world, maintained a close partnership with dental community, recently created a web-site for dental professionals, investment in research and technology- Developed many successful toothpastes, rinses and toothbrushes.; contribution to environmental protection-use of recyclable bottles.

Procter & Gamble.

• 9^th Chairman and CEO– John E. Pepper

• Number of Consumers – $5 bn worldwide

• Sales 1998 - $37.2 bn

• Company strengths: innovation in technology; diversification in product lines, brands

History:

• 1837 –PG has been in soap business since P and G formed partnership

• 1879 – introduction of Ivory soap- came to the market

• 1890 – in order to raise capital for expansion they set up a corporate structure, appointed president at the helm of the company

• 1946 – introduction of Tide laundry detergent; embarked on a strategy of rapid growth into product lines and new markets. Diversification and expansion program

• 1955 –underwent further restructuring, creating an individual operating divisions to better management

• 1961 – pampers-disposable nappy- were launched

• 1995 – restructuring along 4 regions: North-America; Latin America; Asia; Europe/Middle East/ Africa

Philips

• 1891 - The world's biggest electronics company was found (Gerard Philips established a company in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, to manufacture light bulbs)

• In the beginning, it concentrated on making carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of the century was one of the largest producers in Europe.

• Developments in new lighting technologies fuelled a steady programme of expansion

• in 1914 it established a research laboratory to stimulate product innovation

• In the 1920s, Philips decided to protect its innovations in X-ray radiation and radio reception with patents. This marked the beginning of the diversification of its product range.

• Since then, Philips has continued to develop new and exciting product ideas.

• 1984 TV set

• 1989- electric razor

Philips' headquarters are still in Eindhoven.

• It employs 256,300 people all over the world

• has sales and service outlets in 150 countries.

• Research laboratories are located in 6 countries, staffed by some 3,000 scientists.

• has an impressive global network of some 400 designers spread over twenty-five locations,

• its shares are listed on 16 stock exchanges in 9 countries and it is active in about 100 businesses,

• each day its factories turn out a total of 50 million Integrated circuits.

Hierarchy

• At the top of the Royal Philips Electronics hierarchy is the President.

• is managed by the Board of Management, which looks after the general direction and long-term strategy of the Philips group as a whole.

• The Supervisory Board monitors the general course of business of the Philips group as well as advising the Board of Management and supervising its policies.

• policies are implemented by the Group Management Committee (consists of the members of the Board of Management, chairmen of most of the product divisions and some other key officers). The Group Management Committee also serves to ensure that business issues and practices are shared across the various activities in the group.

The company creed is Let's make things better'. It is committed to making better products and systems and contributing to so improving the quality of people's work and life.