11. Система органов оон (главные, вспомогательные, специализированные учреждения).

There are two types of organs within the UN: principal and subsidiary organs. The 6 principal organs: the General Assembly; the Security Council; the Economic and Social Council; the Trusteeship Council; the International Court of Justice; and the Secretariat. The list of principal organs is exhaustive and no additional organs may be established except by amendment of the Charter, subsidiary organs can always be created by the principal organs. Their lifespan is determined by the principal organ that has established them. The powers, functions and composition of the principal organs are determined by the Charter, whilst those of subsidiary organs are determined by the principal organ that establishes them.

Subsidiary organs established by the GA: the International Law Commission, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, UNICEF, the UN Development Programme, the UN Administrative Tribunal.

Subsidiary organs set up by the SC : peace-keeping missions, Sanctions Committees, the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC).

Principal organ may be entitled to confer on the subsidiary organ powers which it does not itself possess: the General Assembly and the Security Council have established subsidiary organs that have judicial powers even though they themselves do not have such powers.

Specialized agencies: Food and Agriculture Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Telecommunication Union, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UN Industrial Development Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Bank Group, World Health Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization. They are established by separate treaties and brought into relationship with the UN by agreement. They operate in particular technical fields and are open with worldwide membership and responsibilities. The specialized agencies operate under the aegis of the UN.

The General Assembly- plenary organ of the UN,the only principal organ composed of all member States. It is a deliberative not a legislative body and is not in permanent session but meets annually in regular sessions which take place between September and December.

It can only make binding decisions on internal administrative matters. GA has competence with regard to peace and security, promoting human rights, and international cooperation in political, economic, social…fields. The Assembly may not make recommendations concerning disputes or situations in respect of which the Security Council is exercising its functions unless requested to do so by the Council, it may not intervene 'in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State'.

Voting is on the basis of one member one vote. Decisions on important questions must be adopted by 2/3 of members present and voting. There is a non-exhaustive list of such questions. Other decisions are to be taken by simple majority.

The Security Council is composed of 15 member States of the UN. 5 permanent members of the Council (USA, Russia, UK, France and China) and 10 are elected by the Assembly for two3 year terms.

Its competence is mainly the maintenance of international peace and security, for which it bears primary responsibility within the UN system.

Although each member has one vote, decisions on non-procedural matters must be adopted by the affirmative vote of nine members and include the concurring vote of the permanent members who possess a veto with respect to substantive decisions. Abstentions are not deemed to be vetoes. Council has the power to adopt decisions which are binding on members of the UN. When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before it, the Council's first action is to recommend the parties to reach agreement by peaceful means. In some cases, the Council itself undertakes investigation and mediation. It may dispatch a mission, appoint special representatives or request the Secretary General to use his good offices.

When a dispute leads to fighting, the Council's first concern is to bring it to an end as soon as possible. The Council may issue ceasefire directives, dispatch military observers or a peacekeeping force to help reduce tensions. Under Chapter VII of the Charter, the Council may decide on enforcement measures, including economic sanctions, arms embargoes or collective military action.

11. Проблема нераспространения ЯО. Основные договоры в области разоружения +терроризм

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT or NNPT) is a treaty to limit the spread (proliferation) of nuclear weapons. The treaty came into force on 5 March 1970, and currently there are 189 states party to the treaty, five of which are recognized as nuclear weapon states: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China (also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council).

Four non-parties to the treaty are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding its own nuclear weapons program. North Korea acceded to the treaty, violated it, and in 2003 withdrew from it.

the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as a three-pillar system, with an implicit balance among them:

1. non-proliferation,

2. disarmament, and

3. the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.

The treaty is reviewed every five years in meetings called Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union - the Cold War superpowers - on the issue of armament control. There were two rounds of talks and agreements: SALT I and SALT II.

Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in 1969. SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two powers. Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The US eventually withdrew from SALT II in 1986.

The treaties then led to START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), which consisted of START I (a 1991 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union) and START II (a 1993 agreement between the United States and Russia). START-III Under terms of the treaty, the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half. A new inspection and verification regime will be established, replacing the mechanism defined by the earlier treaty. Meanwhile, a number of operationally inactive stockpiled nuclear warheads will remain in the high thousands in both the Russian and United States inventories.

Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[1] No universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism currently exists.[2][3] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political or ideological goal, deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians), and are committed by non-government agencies.

Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political organizations for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments.