14. Перескажите текст ЗА.

15. Прочитайте, переведите текст зв и сформулируйте основ­ную мысль каждого абзаца:

Text ЗВ

Two Types of Land Use Planning

Land use planning is based on understanding of land as the main means of production, the object of social and economic communica­tions and as part of a natural complex. It can be considered in 2 ways: as a science and as a system of special activities (land use planning).

Land use planning as a science studies laws of functioning and man­agement of land use as an object of using nature, as a general means and industrial basis of manufacture, as an object relation between land-legal and nature protective problems.

Land use planning as a system of activities can be defined as a com­plex of state and individual actions for realization of the land legisla­tion, regulation of land relations, creation of social and economic, territorial and organizational conditions for economically and ecologi­cally utilizing the land areas and other objects of the real estate. It must be implemented in according to the common economic mechanism.

The purpose of land usr planning, is auai^UKlii and exploitation of land resources of the regions, separate tended properties and land uses. Therefore it is based on theoretical and methodological positions of ad­jacent fields of knowledge, such, as land law, land cadastre, land rela­tions, agriculture, land improvement, ecology, cornP^uter science, etc.

Two basic kinds of land use planning are knoW^n; local and inter- farm, each of which solves the tasks by their own specific ways (except for topographical, cartographical and other researches and tests).

Local land use planning is one of the definite site- It allows to re­ceive operation designs with estimation of site deveI^P^{ment on} the basis of detailed topographical, geobotanical and other researches. The pur­pose of local land use planning is to increase efficiency of farming sites as well as their arrangement and protection. It introduces resource con­servation technologies of crops cultivation, establishes obligatory soil- protective actions, etc.

Interfarm land use planning differs from the local ^one- The object of interfarm land use planning is using of land or land property as a whole.

For each kind of land use planning there is a certain set of the com­ponents. They include the decisions which are made out as concrete projects. These components may consist of a number of interconnected elements.

16. Прочитайте текст ЗС и раскройте содержание рассматрива­емых в нем проблем*

Text ЗС

Documentation of Land Use Planning

Land use planning is carried out according to de£’^si°^ns of govern­ment bodies, local self-management; administrative areas and cities; under the petition of the interested proprietors and land users as well as citizens and legal persons applying for reception of a l^{and s}*^te-

The use of lands strictly to their assignment, the organization of ter­ritory of landed properties and land uses, measures for maintenance of steady landscapes and protection of lands are obligatory for all proprie­tors and land users as well as for bodies of government-

Land use planning is carried out and financed with participation of the parties concerned ^or their authorized representatives- In land use planning may participate:

• citizens, enterprises, establishments, organizations, other legal persons being customers of land use planning documentation;

• developers of land use planning documentation;

• proprietors and users of land in which territory land use planning is carried out;

• government bodies, appropriate committees of the Russian Fed­eration and the institutions of local government participating in land use planning activity according to the competence;

18

• proprietors and land users whose land sites adjoin to arranged ter­ritory or are inside it;

• citizens, public and other persons not owning the sites, whose interests are touched by land use planning actions.

The customers of land use planning work may be the government bodies, institutions of local government, citizens, state and public en­terprises, organizations, establishments and other legal persons.

According to the Russian Federation legislation the state guarantees to all participants of land use planning activity irrespective of ownership forms on land and citizenship maintenance of equal rights and interests protected by the law, and the right of the appeal in juridical order of any illegal actions.

17. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст 3D.

Text 3D

Land Suitability Mapping

Land suitability mapping is a method to identify the most suitable land units for a range of land use systems. A step-wise procedure is used to survey existing resources, identify constraints and opportunities for change. The first step normally includes land cover mapping.

Land cover mapping produces maps of vegetation patterns, soil and land use types. The mapping scale corresponds to the level of details from the use of aerial photographs and satellite images. Normally there is no distinction made between natural and human induces land cover. Land cover mapping is usually performed in the early stages of land use planning, where baseline information about natural resources and con­straints are collected. Map units refer to very broad categories of land cover, such as “coniferous forest” or “urban areas”.

Land capability classification identifies those areas with the highest potential for a large number of land uses on the basis of their produc­tion potential. The method is similar to land suitability mapping but operates at a more general level. Land suitability mapping is a kind of detailed land assessment, i.e. the fitness of land use for a specific use, e.g. “partly suitable farming with wheat as the best yielding crop”.

Normally a soil map serves as a base map to indicate homogenous land areas with similar properties (soil type, climate, vegetation). The units identified are called land units. It is an area of land which pos­sesses specific land characteristics and land qualities and which can be mapped.

The starting point for suitability mapping is a mapping of the most relevant factors for a given land use. These factors also called land at­tributes, are divided into (1) land qualities and (2) land characteristics.

The following “rules of thumb” can be used to identify the land qualities which should be part of a land suitability mapping:

• the land quality must have a substantial effect on performance oi on cost of production;

• critical values of the land quality must occur in the planning area;

• it is realistic to measure or estimate the value of the land quality, Furthermore, one should beware of variations in values of a given land quality during a cropping season and the impact variations have on crop yields. Care should be taken to select values from measurements repre­senting critical moments in crop growth.

Lesson 4. CENTRAL IDEA OF LAND USE PLANNING