1) Anaphora. The beginning of the successive sentences or utterances is repeated.

‘Once again he fingered the letter in his pocket, once again he read the letter.’

2) Epiphora. The end of the successive sentences or utterances is repeated. ‘I wake up and I’m alone. I talk with people and I’m alone.’

3) Framing. The beginning of the sentence is repeated in the end of the successive syntactical unit. The function of framing is to stress the notion mentioned in the beginning of the sentence. Between the 2 appearances of the repeated unit there comes a developing middle part which explains the idea introduced in the beginning.

‘Nothing ever happened in that little town left behind the civilization, nothing.’

7.Enumeration is a stylistic device by which separate things, objects, phenomena, properties, actions are named one by one so that they produce a chain, the links of which, being syntactically in the same position (homogeneous parts of speech) are forced to display some kind of semantic unity.

‘There Harold gazes on a work divine,

A blending (mixture, harmony) of all beauties; streams and dells,

Fruit, foliage, crag (rock), cornfield, mountain, vine ...’ (Byron).

Enumeration is aimed to produce humorous effect and to reflect the personal attitude.

8.Suspense (retardation) is a deliberate delay in the completion of the expressed thought. What has been delayed is the loading task of the utterance and the reader awaits the completion of the utterance with an ever increasing tension. Suspense is achieved by a repeated occurrence of phrases or clauses expressing condition, supposition, time, and the like, all of which hold back the conclusion of the utterance.

9.Climax (gradation) is based on the recurrence of a certain syntactic pattern. In each recurrent sequence the lexical unit is either emotionally stronger or logically more important. Climax aims at imparting logical, emotional and quantitative colouring to the utterance.

10.Anticlimax (bathos) is the reverse of climax. There are 2 types of anticlimax:

1) Each previous unit expressing a weaker quality so that emotion gradually decreases;

2) Emotion and logical importance gradually arises, but unexpectedly breaks and falls which produces humorous or ironic effect.

‘She felt that she did not really know these people, that she would never know them; she wanted to go on seeing them, being with them and living in their workaday world. But she did not do this’. (A. Coppard)

11.Antithesis is a phrase, a sentence or a group in which a thing (or a concept) is measured against, or contrasted to its opposite.

‘Life is much flattered. Death is much traduced.

12.Polysyndeton is an insistent repetition of a connective between words, phrases or clauses in an utterance.

‘They were all 3 from Milan and one of them was to be a lawyer, and one was to be a painter, and one had intended to be a soldier, and after we were finished with the machines, sometimes we walked back together to the Cafe Cova.’ (Hemingway).

13.Asyndeton on the contrary is a deliberate avoidance of connectives.

‘Soames turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave, watching a coffin slowly lowered.’

14.Ellipsis is a deliberate omission of one or more words for some stylistic purposes. In elliptic constructions the subject or the predicate may be omitted or both. Ellipsis is a typical feature of speech used for the sake of economy of language means and articulatory efforts. Ellipsis always imitates the common features of colloquial language and helps the author render the atmosphere of lively informal conversation, emotional condition of his personages (shock, astonishment, surprise).

‘Been home?’ instead of ‘Have you been home?’