- •«Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени м.В.Ломоносова»
- •Computer science (Part II)
- •Предисловие
- •Содержание
- •Text 1. Operating Systems
- •V. Render the following sentences from Russian into English:
- •Text-based assignments
- •I. Here is a list of typical tasks performed by an operating system. In each case the main verb has been omitted. Fill in the blanks from the words given. Sometimes more than one may apply.
- •II. Find in the text above:
- •III. Choose the best word to complete the sentences:
- •Grammar revision
- •I. Translate from English into Russian.
- •II. Translate from English into Russian:
- •III. Translate the following sentences into Russian. State the tense aspect.
- •IV. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct forms (Present Simple–Present Continuous - Active or Passive).
- •V. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct forms (Past Simple - Past Continuous - Active or Passive).
- •Text 2. The Graphical User Interface.
- •Text-based assignments
- •II. Choose the best word to complete the sentences:
- •III. Render the following sentences from Russian into English:
- •Grammar revision
- •I. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct forms (Future Simple– Future Continuous. Present Simple - Active or Passive).
- •II. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct forms (Present, Past, Future Perfect. Past Simple - Active or Passive).
- •III. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct forms. Use Past Tenses (Active or Passive).
- •Text 3. Word Processing Features.
- •Text-based assignments
- •II. Match words and expressions on the left with their explanations on the right:
- •III. Decide if the sentences are true or false.
- •V. Render the following sentences from Russian into English:
- •Grammar revision
- •I. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verbs (Active or Passive).
- •Text 4. Databases
- •Text-based assignments
- •I. Decide if the sentences are true or false.
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Render the following text from Russian into English:
- •Grammar revision
- •I. Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs (Conditional Sentences). Translate the sentences.
- •II. Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •Text 5. Types of Graphics Software
- •Text-based assignments
- •I. Decide which type of graphics software is best for these users.
- •III. Render the following text from Russian into English:
- •Grammar revision
- •I. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive.
- •II. Translate the following sentences with the infinitive as:
- •Text 6. Multimedia
- •2. Recognizing file formats.
- •Text-based assignments
- •I. Look through the text above and find the following:
- •III. Render the following text from Russian into English:
- •Grammar revision
- •Text 7. Web Design
- •Text-based assignments
- •I. Look through the text above and find the following:
- •III. Answer the following questions. Then ask your partner the same questions.
- •Grammar revision
- •I. Translate the following sentences into Russian. State the functions of the infinitives.
- •Text 8. Virtual Reality
- •Text-based assignments
- •II. Fill in the gaps using the list of words in the box. Translate.
- •III. Read the following article and give its summary in Russian and then in English (see Appendix).
- •Vr Applications
- •IV. Fill in the chart with the some more appropriate info: Who uses Virtual Reality?
- •V. Render the following into English:
- •Grammar revision
- •I. Translate the following sentences with the for-to-the Infinitive Construction.
- •II. Translate the following sentences with the Objective Infinitive Construction.
- •Text 9. Programs and programming languages
- •Text-based assignments
- •III. Summarize the information on different high-level computer languages by completing the table below.
- •IV. Read the program below and the text, then complete the sentences which follow.
- •Variables and the Declaration Statement
- •Grammar revision
- •I. Translate the following sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Construction.
- •Text 10. Jobs in computing
- •Text-based assignments
- •I. Which computer specialist will do the following:
- •II. Complete the table using the information from the text and your own ideas. The following words and expressions could help you:
- •III. Study these job requirements. Try to match the requirements to the list of jobs.
- •IV. Study the cv of Paul. Then write your own cv in the same way. For the purpose of this task, you can invent experience and assume you have passed all your examinations! curriculum vitae
- •Grammar revision
- •Topics for Essays, Oral or Written Reports.
- •Texts for additional reading text 1. The conversion of symbolic languages
- •Text 2. Running the computer program.
- •Text 3. Testing the computer program.
- •Text 4. Is It Possible to Create Perfect Virtual Reality?
- •Text 5. Multimedia. Understanding mp3.
- •Play mp3 Files.
- •Appendix summary
- •Литература
Содержание
TEXT 1. Operating Systems …………….………………………5
TEXT 2. The Graphical User Interface.…………………………9
TEXT 3. Word Processing Features.…………………………… 12
TEXT 4. Databases ……………………………………………… 17
TEXT 5. Types of Graphics Software ……………………………19
TEXT 6. Multimedia ……………………………………………. 23
TEXT 7. Web Design ……………………………………………..26
TEXT 8. Virtual Reality……………………………………………28
TEXT 9. Programs and Programming Languages.………………35
TEXT 10. Jobs in Computing ……..……………………………….40
Texts for additional reading …………..……………………………45
Appendix ……………………………………………………………49
Литература ………………………………………………………….50
Text 1. Operating Systems
An operating system is a master control program which controls the functions of the computer system as a whole and the running of application programs. All computers do not use the same operating systems. It is therefore important to assess the operating system used on a particular model before initial commitment because some software is only designed to run under the control of specific operating systems.
The most popular operating systems are:
• MS-DOS. This operating system was developed by Microsoft in 1981 for all IBM PC compatibles. Today it’s only used in old PCs. In this text-based OS you communicate with the computer by typing commands that exist within its library. For example, some basic DOS commands include: DIR (shows a list of all the files in a directory), COPY (makes a duplicate of a file), DEL (deletes files).
• Windows. Most home PCs use Windows. Here are the most recent versions:
- With Windows 98 Internet access becomes part of the user interface. Its active desktop lets you find information easily with the same view of content on your PC, network or the Web. The system includes Outlook Express for e-mail, NetMeeting conferencing software, a chat program and a Web-page editor. It offers advancements such as USB and multimedia extensions.
- Windows 2000 is built upon the Windows NT architecture and designed for business uses.
- Windows Millennium is designed for home use. It includes new system safeguards and support for DVD, music players and mobile computers.
- Windows XP is an update to all Windows versions, with a new visual design. It’s more secure and reliable. It offers support for the latest technologies.
- Windows Mobile - used on most PDAs and smart phones (PDAs which incorporate mobile phones).
• Pocket PC (Microsoft). This OS is developed for handheld computers (or palmtops) that use a stylus or a small keyboard for input.
•Mac OS. The Mac OS combines the elegance of Macintosh and the power of UNIX. Large parts of the Mac OS are inside the System file and the Finder which is kept in the system folder. The content of the System file is loaded automatically at start-up, and contains information which modifies the routines of the OS in the ROM chips. The Finder displays the Macintosh’s desktop and enables the user to work with disks, programs and files. With the new Mac OS, you can create CDs and record DVDs. It also offers Internet capabilities, support for Java and Airport technology for wireless connections.
• OS/2 Warp (IBM). This is the PC world’s most technically sophisticated operating system. It provides true multi-tasking, allowing a program to be divided into ‘threads’, many of which can run at the same time. Thus, not only can numerous programs run simultaneously, but one program can perform numerous tasks at the same time. The IBM OS/2 Warp includes easy access to networks via modem, support for Java applications, and voice recognition technology.
• UNIX. This OS, designed by Bell Laboratories for minicomputers and workstations, has been widely adopted by many corporate installations. From the very first, it was designed to be a multi-tasking system. It is written in C language. It has become an operating environment for software development, available for any type of machine, from IBM PCs to Cray supercomputers. UNIX is the most commonly used system for advanced CAD programs.
• Linux (Linus Torvalds). Protected under the GNU General Public Licence, Linux is the open source, cooperatively developed by POSIX-based, multi-tasking operating system. Linux is used as a high value, fully-functional UNIX workstation for applications ranging from Internet Servers to reliable work group computing. Linux is available for Intel, Alpha and Sun SPARC platforms.
• Solaris. This is a Unix-based operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. Originally designed to run on Spark workstations, today Solaris also runs on many Pentium servers. It supports multi-processing – many CPUs and processors on a single system. It includes Java technology, which allows Web pages to display animation, play music and interact with information.
• RIM – used on Blackberry communication devices; developed by Research in Motion.
• the Symbian OS – used by some phone makers, including Nokia and Siemens.
An operating system is stored on disk and has to be booted into the internal memory (RAM) where it must reside throughout processing so that commands are instantly available. The operating system commands may exceed the internal memory capacity of the computer in which case only that portion of the OS, which is frequently used, is retained internally, and other modules are read in from disk as required.
Study the following words and expressions:
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