- •Fill in the gaps with the words in the list:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Read the text and say what the words in bold mean: Human Genome Project
- •Answer the questions:
- •3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean: hgp History and Findings
- •2.Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
- •3. Fill in the prepositions, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
- •4. Read the text again and take notes under these headings. Then, look at your notes and talk about hgp.
- •Fill in the gaps with the words in the list:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean: hgp Benefits
- •Answer the questions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •2. How did you learn about it?
- •3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean: Large Hadron Collider
- •Answer the questions:
- •2.Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
- •3. Fill in the prepositions, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
- •4. Read the text again and take notes under these headings. Then, look at your notes and talk about the Large Hadron Collider .
- •Fill in the gaps with the words in the list:
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean:
- •International Space Station
2.Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
Gene, primary, working, further, human, anonymous, genetic, human, research
… project
… goal
… genome
… draft
… analysis
… species
… sequence
… donors
… makeup
3. Fill in the prepositions, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
1. to be focused … sth; 2. chemical base pairs which make … DNA; 3. to be available … the Internet; 4. to study sth. … functional standpoint; 5. a work … identifying differences … individuals
4. Read the text again and take notes under these headings. Then, look at your notes and talk about hgp.
HGP goals
Dates
Organisms Studied
Mapping of "the Human Genome"
HGP Data Storage and Processing
Reference Genome
Lead-in
Fill in the gaps with the words in the list:
Undertaking comprise diseases proteins draft
Fish is rich in … .
This dictionary … about 60 000 words.
A rough … of the project is available on the Internet.
Today medicine can cure … earlier considered incurable.
This … requires careful preparations.
Answer the questions:
Why do you think the necessity to study human genome appeared?
What technologies are necessary to study DNA?
3. Read the text and say what the words in bold mean: hgp History and Findings
The Human Genome Project began with the culmination of several years of work supported by the United States Department of Energy . This 1987 report stated boldly, "The ultimate goal of this initiative is to understand the human genome" and "knowledge of the human is as necessary to the continuing progress of medicine and other health sciences as knowledge of human anatomy has been for the present state of medicine." Candidate technologies were already being considered for the proposed undertaking at least as early as 1985.
The $3-billion project was formally founded in 1990 by the United States Department of Energy and the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and was expected to take 15 years. In addition to the United States, the international consortium primarily comprised geneticists in the United Kingdom, and also in France, Germany, Japan, China, and India.
Due to widespread international cooperation and advances in the field of genomics (especially in sequence analysis), as well as major advances in computing technology, a 'rough draft' of the genome was finished in 2000. Ongoing sequencing led to the announcement of the essentially complete genome in April 2003, 2 years earlier than planned. In May 2006, another milestone was passed on the way to completion of the project, when the sequence of the last chromosome was published in the journal Nature.
Key findings of the draft (2001) and complete (2004) genome sequences include:
1. There are approximately 23,000 genes in human beings, the same range as in mice and roundworms. Understanding how these genes express themselves will provide clues to how diseases are caused.
2. Between 1.1% to 90% of the genome sequence codes for proteins.
3. The human genome has significantly more segmental duplications than other mammalian genomes. These sections may underlie the creation of new primate-specific genes.
Tasks: