Содержание

Unit 1. Career planning	4
Unit 2. The Environmental Impacts of Transportation	12
Unit 3. Globalization	19
Unit 4. History of the railway transport	26
Unit 5. The railway track	38
Unit 6. Motive power	48
Unit 7. Goods wagons	52
Unit 8. Carriages	59
Unit 9. Stations	61
Unit 10. Signalling	61
Unit 11. Safety requirements in maintenance documentation	61
Unit 12. Carriage of dangerous goods	61
Приложения	61

Unit 2. The Environmental Impacts of Transportation

Start up

Exercise 1. Transport is the only sector in which greenhouse gas emissions have considerably risen. Discuss with your partner and decide how different modes of transport pollute the environment. Which one has the most negative impact? Look at the pictures for some ideas.

A.	B.
C.	D.

Exercise 2. There are different environmental problems. Can you name some of them? Read information given below and guess about the type of an environmental problem.

1. Noise is the most important environmental problem for people living close to railway lines.

2. Air quality is being threatened by exhaust gas emission from the increasing road traffic.

3. The activities of the transport industry release several million tons of gases each year into the atmosphere. There is an ongoing debate to what extent these emissions may be linked to climate change and the role of anthropogenic factors.

4. Fuel, chemical and other hazardous particulates discarded from aircraft, cars, trucks and trains or from port and airport terminal operations, such as de-icing, can contaminate rivers, lakes, wetlands and oceans.

5. The environmental impact of transportation on soil consists of soil erosion and soil contamination.

6. Major transport facilities can affect the quality of urban life by creating physical barriers, increasing noise levels, generating odors, reducing urban aesthetic and affecting the built heritage.

Vocabulary

Exercise 1. Some words are often used together. Fill the gaps in sentences 1-8 with a word from the list that goes with the word in bold.

material	impact	sector	pollution
surface	change	fuel	locomotive

1. Climate __________is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods that range from decades to millions of years.

2. Coal can have a heavy impact on the environment. In the same instance, cotton is the raw _________ we use the most.

3. The conclusion of the report pinpoints that up until now there has been no significant negative ___________ of this technology on the environment.

4. In common dialogue, the term fossil ____________ also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived from animal or plant sources.

5. A diesel ___________is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine.

6. The satellite maps are the pictures of the Earth ____________, taken with the aid of the artificial Earth satellite.

7. That meeting is part of the continuing work of the Department on 22 sectors of economic activity, of which the transport __________ is one.

8. Air ____________ occurs when the concentrations of certain substances become high enough to cause the atmospheric environment to become toxic.

Exercise 2. Match a word in A with a word in B.

A		B
1	Greenhouse gases	a	A greenhouse gas and by-product of any carbon combustion process (mostly involving fossil fuels) as well as being exhaled by every living organism.
2	Direct emissions	b	Emissions related directly to the onboard combustion of diesel or use of electricity.
3	Carbon dioxide (CO2)	c	Many gases have a global warming potential, and are known as greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol specifies six greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6
4	Noise exposure	d	Presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects
5	Sustainability	e	The exposure to human ears of any noise source.
6	Pollution	f	The potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions.
7	Impact	g	situated in the interior of a country rather than on the coast
8	Fossil fuel	h	a marked effect or influence
9	Inland	i	particle pollution such as a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets
10	Particulate matter	j	any naturally occurring carbon or hydrocarbon fuel, such as coal, petroleum, peat, and natural gas, formed by the decomposition of prehistoric organisms

Reading and translation

Exercise 1. Look at the tables below and decide what the article is about.

Table 1 – Carbon dioxide (1 person, 1000 km)

Mode of transport	Kg CO2
Automobile	98
Train	26
Plain	85

Note: Plane emissions include travel to and from the airport; they are not increased to take account of the effect of emissions at high altitude.

Table 2 – Carbon dioxide (100 tons cargo, 1000 km)

Mode of transport	Tons CO2
Lorry	4.7
Train	0.6
Inland waterway	2.4

Table 3 – Atmospheric emission from railway transport services and plants (Russia)

Did you know?

A depot or a round house in the UK is called a shed in the USA. A railway and a wagon in Britain are known as a railroad and a car in America.

Rail transport services and plants	Atmospheric emission, %
Locomotive depot	27.3
Train depot	10.8
Railway carriage repair works	13.4
Rubble and sleeper impregnation plant	1.6

Exercise 2. Translate the following passage into Russian. Use a dictionary. Then compare your translation with a partner to improve.

Demand for transport services is expected to grow considerably as economic growth occurs in developing countries, incomes rise, the trend toward urbanization continues and as the process of globalization moves forward with expected increases in world trade. Between now and 2020, demand is forecasted to grow by 3.6 percent per year in developing countries and by 1.5 percent per year in industrialized countries. According to the Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER) and the International Union of Railways (UIC), in EU in 2008 more than 90% of total domestic transport emissions are due to road transport.

http://www.un.org/esa/gite/csd/gorham.pdf

Exercise 3. Study the clichés given below. Think about their Russian equivalents.

1. The article is about / the author of the article speaks about …

2. The paper is devoted to …

3. The paper deals with …

4. The purpose of the research is to prove (test, develop, summarize, find) ….

5. Special attention is paid (given) to ….

6. I’d like to call your attention to …

7. One should mention that …

8. The author refers to …

9. It’s interesting to point out that …

10. The author gives a review of ….

11. It is reported (known, demonstrated) that ….

12. There are several solutions of the problem ….

13. There is some interesting information in the paper ….

14. It is necessary to introduce ….

15. It should be remembered (noted, mentioned) ….

16. So / besides / moreover / that is why …

17. On the one hand / on the other hand …

18. Considering all the facts …

19. In conclusion, I can say that …

Exercise 4. Read the passage, title it and render in English. Use the clichés from exercise 3. Then compare your rendering with a partner to improve.

Изменение ситуации на транспортном рынке Европы показывает, что железные дороги смогли переломить негативные тенденции современности. Наглядным примером являются результаты референдума, проведенного в Швейцарии. Одобрено выделение капитальных вложений в размере 30 млрд. евро на увеличение пропускной способности железных дорог страны и существенное ускорение транзитных перевозок. Это позволит переключить большую часть трансальпийских перевозок на экологически чистый железнодорожный транспорт, а также дать европейской экономике удобный маршрут международных сообщений. Подобные инициативы будут иметь место в других странах Европы, испытывающих перегрузку путей сообщения и интенсивное загрязнение окружающей среды.

При разработке бюджетной и инвестиционной политики также важно понимание стоимости разных видов транспорта с учетом таких факторов, как безопасность, экология, нагрузка на территорию. Тогда будут очевидны все преимущества железнодорожного транспорта.

Железные дороги мира, № 4, 2009.

Speaking

Exercise 1. Look at the visuals that Larry West, a professional writer and editor who has written many articles about environmental issues, uses to support his ideas. Can you name them? What other visuals do you know?

A. The Rising Environmental Cost of Driving Alone (U.S.)

Carbon dioxide emissions of transportation	30%
Carbon dioxide savings/public transportation	1.5 million tons
Gasoline savings/public transportation	1.4 billion gallons
Trips are made by car	88 %

B.

C.

Exercise 2. Read the interview with Larry West. Find typical phrases to describe visuals. Reproduce the dialogue with a partner.

Interviewer:	Many scientists advise us to get out of our cars if we want to help reduce global warming. Could you explain us the situation in the U.S.?
Larry West:	Take a look at this table. Here you can see the rising environmental cost of driving alone in the U.S. The first line shows that transportation accounts for more than 30 percent of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions. The next two lines give us figures according to the American Public Transportation Association. As you can see, public transportation saves approximately 1.4 billion gallons of gasoline and about 1.5 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. And the last line explains that 88 percent of all trips in the United States are made by car – and many of those cars carry only one person! I'd like you to focus your attention to the fact that only 14 million Americans use public transportation daily. I think the conclusion to be drawn from this table is clear to us.
Interviewer:	And how can public transportation help us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
Larry West:	Please look at this chart. It represents some benefits of public transportation. I’d like to point out some interesting details. If one in ten Americans used public transportation daily, U.S. reliance on foreign oil would decrease 40 %. Riding a train is 79 times safer than riding in an automobile. People who use public transportation regularly tend to be 50 % healthier than people who don’t. And finally, families that use public transportation can reduce their household expenses by $6,200 annually.
Interviewer:	That’s interesting. But which mode of transport is most efficient?
Larry West:	Have a look at this slide. This picture gives us some information about public transportation system in the U.S. Train systems are the most efficient in many ways, typically emitting less carbon and using less fuel per passenger than buses, but they are often more expensive to implement. Also, the traditional advantages of trains can be mitigated to a large extent by using hybrids or buses that run on natural gas. Another promising alternative is bus rapid transit, which runs extra-long buses in dedicated lanes. I'm sure the results of my presentation are obvious. If you live in an area with good public transportation, do something good for the planet today. Park your car, and take the subway or the bus.

Exercise 3. Study the typical phrases to describe visuals given below. Divide them into three categories according to a presenter’s actions:

a) a presenter notes which parts of the visuals are important and explains why he/she uses them;

b) a presenter introduces the visuals;

c) a presenter checks understanding of the results.

1	Introduction	Have a look at this chart (British). / Take a look at this diagram (American). I'd like you to look at this drawing. Here we can see ….. The graph represents …. The picture shows/gives information about…
2	Marking out and comments	I'd like us to look at this part of the graph in more detail. I'd like you to focus your attention to the significance of this figure here. I'd like to point out one or two interesting details. As you can see …… I'd also like to draw your attention to …….. If you look at it more closely, you'll notice …….
3	Checking understanding and interpretations	I'm sure the results of this…. are obvious. I think the conclusions to be drawn from this…. are clear to all of us.

Exercise 4. The bar chart below shows the comparison of capacities in an urban setting. What can you see from the bar chart? Discuss with a partner.

Capacity* of urban transport modes per metre of infrastructure width

*Vocabulary notes: capacity – пропускная способность

The following phrases may help!

As can be seen from the bar chart,…

The capacity from rail is … times higher than a bus.

The bar chart shows that the capacity is much higher for … than …

… has the highest capacity when comparing throughput per hour and infrastructure width.

… is more efficient, and … is over twice as efficient as …

Compared with …, rail would be around … times more efficient.

Writing

Guide to Writing an Essay

Exercise 1. Study the advices given below. Tell your partner what you remember about the basic outline format of an essay.

An essay can have many purposes, but the basic structure is the same no matter what. These simple steps will guide you through the essay writing process:

1. Decide on your topic.

2. Prepare an outline of your ideas:

a) write your thesis statement,

b) write the body,

c) write the main points,

d) write the subpoints,

e) elaborate on the subpoints,

f) write the introduction,

g) write the conclusion.

3. Add the finishing touches.

Think about the type of paper you are expected to produce. Should it be a general overview, or a specific analysis of the topic? If it should be an overview, then you are probably ready to move to the next step. If it should be a specific analysis, make sure your topic is fairly specific. If it is too general, you must choose a narrower subtopic to discuss.

The purpose of an outline is to put your ideas about the topic on paper, in a moderately organized format. Begin your outline by writing your topic at the top of the page. Then say what you want to do … do it … say what you have done.

Following this Basic Outline:

1. Introduction and thesis statement (Say what you want to do)

1. Before writing you must have a thesis statement. This is one sentence announcing the central idea of the paper. It must be specific. This statement should sum up the basic meaning of the paper and signal to the reader what to expect.

2. The first sentence is the most important one because it gets the reader’s attention.

3. The first paragraph is very important. It should make the reader want to continue reading.

2. The body of the paper (Do it)

1. Each paragraph should deal with one central idea. This idea is introduced early in a topic sentence, telling the reader what to expect in the paragraph.

2. It is not enough to simply state ideas, you must support them. By giving evidence, you convince readers of the truth and accuracy of your ideas. If you successfully prove your statements, the reader should agree with your conclusion.

3. As a writer, you must structure the sequence of ideas carefully and logically. Transitions between paragraphs link them together logically.

3. Conclusion (Say what you have done)

1. Restates the thesis and main points supporting it. In the conclusion, the writer should give some new ideas or information to challenge the reader to think further.

Nothing can substitute for revision of your work. By reviewing what you have done, you can improve weak points that otherwise would be missed. Read and reread your paper. These questions could help:

Does it make logical sense?

Do the sentences flow smoothly from one another?

Have you run a spell checker or a grammar checker?

Adapted from the authors’ materials, Novosibirsk State University

Exercise 2. Choose one of the following topics. Write your own essay (200-250 words). See Appendix 1.

1) Transport and Environmental Policy in global scale.

2) Environmentally Sustainable Transport.

3) Taking Climate Change into Account. Transportation projects of future.

Exercise 3. Work with a partner. Exchange your essays and check the format and language.

Key words

affect	влиять
Carbon dioxide	углекислый газ
combustion technology	технология сгорания
congestion	затор (уличного движения), пробка
diesel locomotive	тепловоз
domestic transport	внутренний транспорт
emissions	выбросы
environmental degradation	ухудшение экологии
environmentally sustainable	экологически рациональный
exhaust after-treatment	выхлопные газы
fossil fuel	ископаемое топливо (нефть, газ, уголь)
global scale	мировой масштаб
greenhouse gas	парниковый газ
impact (positive, negative)	воздействие/влияние (положительное, отрицательное)
inland water transport	речной транспорт
locomotive depot (shed)	локомотивное депо
mode of transport	вид транспорта
noise exposure	шумовое воздействие
particulate matter	твёрдые частицы (в воздухе), взвесь
pollutant	загрязняющее вещество
pollution	загрязнение
rubble and sleeper impregnation plant	щебеночные и шпалопропиточные заводы
railway carriage repair works (брит.); railroad car repair plant (амер)	вагоноремонтный завод

Checklist

Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true.

1. I can use comparatives and superlatives in my speech.

2. I can compare information to describe graphs.

3. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.

4. I can use key words to discuss the environmental impacts of transportation with my colleagues.

Unit 3. Globalization

Start up

Exercise 1. Look at the pictures. What is globalization for all these people?

A.	B.
C.	D.
E.	F.

Exercise 2. Is globalization a positive or negative phenomenon? Make a list of positive and negative effects of globalization. Discuss in a class.

Vocabulary

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps using the word below.

globalization	market	technological advances	inequality
stagnates	competition	poverty	integrate

1. Most of the innovations from the __________ have very important effects on the lives of peoples of the world.

2. _________ is a process of global economical, political and cultural integration.

3. It is a difficult task for poor countries to reduce ___________ without rich countries' supports.

4. The result of globalization is a new commercial reality – the emergence of global ____________ for standardized consumer products.

5. Nations are going to have a major problem if economic growth ___________.

6. ____________is the most serious problem facing the world.

7. Countries that __________ globally without first strengthening domestic institutions run the risk of hurting the rest of the country.

8. Many people work well under __________. Others find it stressful and even debilitating.

Exercise 2. Match a word in A with a word in B.

A		B
1	globalization	a	unfriendliness or opposition
2	trade	b	cease developing; become inactive
3	hostility	c	resulting in good
4	inequality	d	high technologies
5	stagnate	e	difference in size, degree, circumstances, etc.; lack of equality
6	technological advances	f	the tendency for the world econоmу to work as оnе unit, led by large international companies doing business all оvеr the world
7	exchange	g	combine one thing with another to form a whole
8	beneficial	h	the action of buying and selling goods and services
9	integrate	i	the activity of striving to win something by establishing superiority over others
10	competition	j	give something and receive something of the same kind in return

Exercise 3. Read the passage about transportation and globalization. Translate it into Russian.

Transportation technologies also improved with the start of the 20^th Century when transatlantic ships became safer and faster and airplanes were produced. First propeller driven passenger plane began service in 1919 between London and Paris. Jet plane and television of 1950’s were also important steps toward greater globalizations. The first reliable transatlantic telephone cable TAT-1 was laid in 1956. 1957 marked the most important step in the history of globalization when USSR launched its Sputnik as the first man-made satellite. Satellites made it possible to build a fully reliable global network, compensating the radio networks’ ionosphere fading problem. However global networks still required stronger global networks with solid connections. The first transatlantic fiber cable TAT-8 was laid in 1988 for faster and reliable networks.

Globalization through Technology. Free online research papers.

http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/globalization-through-technology

Exercise 4. Read the following passage. Render it in English. Follow the instruction in Appendix 2!

Термином «глобализация» характеризуется новейший процесс в развитии современной экономики, в основе которого лежит растущая интернационализация производства и укрупнения транснациональных корпораций. Глобализация   транспорта  охватывает сферу услуг и является составной частью преобразований, происходящих в ходе непрекращающегося научно-технического прогресса, начавшегося после окончания второй мировой войны. Интенсивность этого процесса возросла после распада социалистической системы в 1990-е гг.

Глобализация  на  транспорте  содержит в себе общие международные факторы развития, но большее значение имеет фактор технический, поскольку он обеспечивает движение товаров и интернационализацию экономической деятельности.

 Глобализация  приобретает общественное значение, поскольку расширяет географическую мобильность и сферу международного общения человеческой массы.

Плужников К. И. Глобализация производства и распределения международных транспортных услуг, 2006. http://economy-lib.com

Listening and speaking

Exercise 1. Before you listen to the speech about globalization by Barak Obama on CNN try to predict what important issues he will mention. Choose from the list below.

1) technology
2) global workforce competition
3) immigration
4) how to tie the globalization
5) American workers
6) American market
7) educational system
8) leadership

Exercise 2. Watch the CNN video. Clap your hands when listen to the following words.

globalization, competition, business, trade

Exercise 3. Make a plan of the Obama’s speech (listen again if necessary). In small groups decide about the principles of preparing a good public speech.

Exercise 4. Choose one of the topics given and deliver your own speech in the class (about 3 minutes). Use the clichés from Appendix 3.

1) Global engineering workforce.

2) Russia in a global society: prospects of the development.

3) Developing countries: out of poverty.

Writing

Exercise 1. Read about mind mapping. Work in small groups and create a mind map to generate ideas about impacts of globalization.

A mind map is a graph and nodes are in hierarchical order and direct relation to each other (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. A mind map

Mind mapping are nowadays used by millions of people for brainstorming, note taking, document drafting, etc. Words in a mind map should specify the author’s expertise and fields of interest. In contrast to text documents, a mind map probably contains less stop and other irrelevant words.

The following advises may help you to create a good mind map.

1. Take a blank piece of paper, A4 or larger.	Blank paper allows 360º of freedom to express the full range of your cortical skills, whereas pre-drawn lines restrict the natural flow of your thoughts.
2. Use the paper in landscape orientation.	Words and images have more space in the direction we write, so they don’t bump into margins as quickly.
3. Start in the centre.	Thoughts start in the centre of our mental world.
4. Make a central image that represents the topic about which you are writing/thinking: Use at least three colours. Keep the height and width of the central image to approx. 2’’ or 5 cm (proportionately larger for bigger paper). Allow the image to create its own shape (do not use a frame).	A picture is worth a thousand words. It opens up associations, focuses the thoughts, is fun and results in better recall: Colours stimulate the right cortical activity of imagination as well as capturing and holding attention. This size gives plenty of space for the rest of your Mind Map, while making it large enough to be the clear focus of the topic. The unique shape makes it more memorable and enjoyable. A frame makes the centre a monotony of shape and disconnects the branches.
5. The main themes around the central image are like the chapter headings of a book: Print this word in CAPITALS or draw an image. Place on a line of the same length The central lines are thick, curved and organic i.e. like your arm joining your body, or the branch of a tree to the trunk. Connect directly to the central image.	The main themes, connected to the central image on the main branches, allow their relative importance to be seen. These are the Basic Ordering Ideas (BOIs) and aggregate and focus the rest of the Mind Map: Printing (versus cursive) allows the brain to photograph the image thus giving easier reading and more immediate recall. Word length equals line length. An extra line disconnects thoughts, length accentuates the connection. Curved lines give visual rhythm and variety and so are easier to remember, more pleasant to draw and less boring to look at. Thicker central lines show relative importance. Connected to the image because the brain works by association not separated, disconnected lines.
6. Start to add a second level of thought. These words or images are linked to the main branch that triggered them. Remember: Connecting lines are thinner. Words are still printed but may be lower case.	Your initial words and images stimulate associations. Attach whatever word or image is triggered. Allow the random movement of your thought; you do not have to ‘finish’ one branch before moving on: Connected lines create relationships and a structure. They also demonstrate the level of importance, as from a branch to a twig. The size and style of the letters provide additional data about the importance and meaning of the word/image.
7. Add a third or fourth level of data as thoughts come to you: Use images as much as you can, instead of, or in addition to the words. Allow your thoughts to come freely, meaning you ‘jump about’ the Mind Map as the links and associations occur to you.	Your brain is like a multi-handed thought-ball catcher. The Mind Map allows you to catch and keep whatever ‘thought ball’ is thrown by your brain.
8. Add a new dimension to your Mind Map. Boxes add depth around the word or image.	To make some important points stand out.
9. Sometimes enclose branches of a Mind Map with outlines in colour: Enclose the shape of the branch and hug the shape tightly. Use different colours and styles.	The outlines will create unique shapes as you find in clouds and will aid your memory: These provide immediate visual linking. They can also encourage follow-up and remind you of action you need to take. They can also show connection between branches by using the same colour outline.
10. Make each Mind Map a little more: BEAUTIFUL ARTISTIC COLOURFUL IMAGINATIVE and DIMENSIONAL	Your eyes and brain will be attracted to your Mind Map: It will be easier to remember. It will be more attractive to you (and to others as well).
11. Have fun! Add a little humour, exaggeration or absurdity wherever you can.	Your brain will delight in getting the maximum use and enjoyment from this process and will therefore learn faster, recall more effectively and think more clearly.

http://www.mind-mapping.co.uk

Exercise 2. Choose one of three topics given below and create your own mind map.

1. Different modes of transport: travel globally.

2. Globalization in developed and advanced countries: challenges of sustainable future.

3. Differentiation or globalization: pros and contras?

Key words

advanced country	развитая страна
beneficial	выгодный, полезный, прибыльный
brainstorming	мозговой штурм (метод генерации идей путем коллективного обсуждения проблем при полной свободе выдвижения вариантов решения)
company	компания, фирма
competition	конкуренция
cultural diversity	культурное разнообразие
developing country	развивающаяся страна
dimension	размер
division of labor	разделение труда
exchange	обмен
foreign currency	иностранная валюта
global community	мировое сообщество
globalization	глобализация
immigration	иммиграция
inequality	неравенство
integrate	объединять; интегрировать
international transactions	международные деловые операции
landscape orientation	альбомная (горизонтальная) ориентация страницы
living standards	уровень жизни, материальное благосостояние
market	рынок
market forces	рыночные силы (силы предложения и спроса)
mind map	интеллект-карта
multinational corporations (MNCs)	многонациональная (мультинациональная) корпорация, МНК
poverty	бедность
reverse direction	менять направление, обратное направление, противоположное направление
stagnate	находиться в состоянии застоя, стагнировать
technological advances	технический прогресс
the World Trade Organisation (WTO)	Всемирная торговая организация, ВТО (международная правительственная организация, призванная регулировать вопросы международной торговли; создана в 1994 г.)
trade and financial flows	внешнеторговые и финансовые потоки
transnational corporations (TNCs)	транснациональная корпорация, ТНК
wealth	материальные ценности, богатства; благосостояние

Checklist

Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true about you.

1. I can discuss pros and cons of globalisation.

2. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.

3. I can use language clichés in my public speech.

4. I know how to draw a mind map.

Appendix 1