- •In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
- •In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
- •In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
- •In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
- •In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
- •In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
The use of Past Perfect
The Past Perfect is used to denote:
An action completed before a certain moment in the past.
After she cried out, she felt easier.
The completion of the action.
He waited until she had found the key and opened the door.
Is used to denote an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. This use is called the Past Perfect Inclusive. It’s used :
With verbs not admitting of the Continuous form.
Examination convinced him that the deacon was dead- had been dead for some time.
In negative sentences.
Those 2 had not spoken to each other for 3 days and were in a state of rage.
With non-terminative verbs(to work, to live, to study, to last, to travel..)
The Past Perfect is used with conjunctions hardly… when, scarcely…when, no sooner….than; with the adverbs just, already, yet.
The Past Simple and the Past Perfect
The Past Perfect isn’t used to denote a succession of actions. In this case the Past Simple is used.
The Past Simple is used with the conjunctions after, before, when if the relation between the actions approaches succession.
When I wrote the letter, I posted it.
Verbs of motion and sense perception such as to come, to arrive, to return, to see, to hear, in adverbial clauses of time are generally used in the Past Simple and not in the Past Perfect.
When he heard the first line the poem, he recognized it at once.
But when the completion of the action is emphasized the Past Perfect is used.
He knew the poem by heart when he had heard it several times.
The Past Simple and the Present Perfect
The Past Simple denotes only the actions that took place only in the past, while the Present Perfect denotes an action that has already over but connected with the present.
The Present Perfect is never used with such adverbial modifiers of the past time as yesterday, the other day, last week.
With such adverbial modifiers as today, this week etc. both the Present Perfect and the Past Simple are used. In this case the Present Perfect is used when a period of time is not over yet.
I have had only one new dress this summer(This summer is not over yet).
With the adverbs just the Present Perfect is used.
With the expression just now the Past Simple is used.
Note! In the following cases the Present Perfect isn’t used:
What did you say?-Что вы сказали.
2. I didn’t hear your question.-Я не слышал вашего вопроса.
3. Where did you buy the book?-Где вы купили книгу.
Note! Verbs of sense perception and motion (to hear, to see, to come, to arrive, to return) in adverbial clauses of time are generally used in the Present Simple and not in the Present Perfect.
I’m sure he will recognize the poem when he hears the first line.(Я уверен, что он узнает стихотворение, когда услышит первую строчку).
But when the completion of the action is emphasized, the Present Perfect is used.
He will know the poem by heart when he has heard it twice.(Он будет знать стихотворение наизусть, когда дважды прослушает его).
The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous
The Present Continuous is used to denote an action going on at the present moment. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is used when the previous duration of the action is expressed.
I’m reading “The war and peace”.
I have been reading “The war and peace” for 2 days.
The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive and the Present Perfect
The Present Perfect denotes a completed action while with the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive there is an implication of incompleteness.
He has made some experiments.-Он сделал несколько опытов.
He has been making experiments.-Он делал опыты.
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Continuous
The Past Continuous is used to denote an action going on at a definite moment in the past. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive is used when the previous duration of the action is expressed.
The Present Perfect Continuous
The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Present Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.
In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.