Different subdivisions of the language

If language is a manifistation of thought speech is a manifistaion of language. Speech is the actualisation of lang in diff circumstances, lang remains the same but the way of actualisation is different. We use lang is all spheres of activity. The national lang has its own phonetics, gram and lexical means which are the most appropriate for the conditions of communication and within a given lang we recognise a distinction between a common lang and its usage for restrictive properties while the whole nature of the lang is certainly not questioned.

Each national lang has several coexisting patterns and each of them is char-sed by diff functions. A pattern determined by a certain specific selection, its specific lex and gram units is called a functional style. So, a functional style is a system of interrelated lang means which serves a definite aim in communication. Functional styles are also called registers or discourses.

There are several funct styles. Some scholars suggest starting classification with the neutral style (i.e Prague school). Acc to their classification there are the following styles:

- colloquial - of fiction - publicistic - of the scientific and official documents

Arnold says that the main division must be between stylistically colored and stylistically neutral units. Within stylistically colored there are formal (non-casual) and informal (casual) styles.

Amosova suggests the definition into colloquial and bookish styles. She also points out the existance of poetic style, the style of science, official style. Colloquial may be literrary, familiar and argo.

Skrebnev's classification is approximately the same with slight modificaion.

Galperin (*) : 5 styles: 1) belles-letters style (fiction) - the lang of poetry - the lang of emotive prose - the lang of drama

2. publicistic - oratory - essays - news papers and magazines (articles)

3. News paper style - brief news items - news paper headings - notices and ads

4. Scientific - humanitarian sciences - "exact" sciences - popular scientific prose

5. Style of official documents - of diplomatic documents - business documents - legal documents - military documents

The development of the functional style

Functional style - the historical category that is it is in a constant process of development.

Ex: The publicistics style has already lost the flourish of the 18^th century and acquired new simplicity.

The news paper style appeared with the development of the press and is still developing. Functional styles are distinguished on the word and sentence level. In other words, func styles are distinguished from various styles of vocabulary and syntax. Stylistics is concerned with all the levels of the lang. It is interested in the additional information which accompanied the linguistic units.

The subject matter of stylistic lexicology is the stylistic stratification of the vocabulary.

Stylistic stratification of the vocabulary

The vocabulary doesnt present the stylistic whole. It stratified into diff stylistic levels. The majority of the words constituing the vocabulary of any national language are neutral. They can be used irrespective of the sphere of communication. The stylistically neutral words are opposed to the stylistically colored (marked) words. These words are associated with certain specific spheres of communication. And they are limited to certain conditions of communication.

Official	Neutral
Task Cease adhae	Job Stop stick

The formal stratum of the vocabulary

Features:

- the words belonging to it are of poetic elevated char-r

- the sphere of communication is limited to books, magazines, public speeches, lectures, official talks

The pronunciation of these words is precised and careful.

The formal diction is not homogeneous. It is subdivided into learned (bookish) words, foreign words (barbarisms), archaic words (archaisms).

Learned (bookish) words

They create the effect of elevated official learning speech. The use of learned words while speaking every day things produces comic effect.

Ex: When I heard a cough I helped my breath, I knew that sometimes my brother at midnight pilgrimaged to the bathroom where we found him drinking.

Learned words include scientific words or terms which are used in diff brunches of science, law and technique. Stylistically terms may have 2 functions: to create the true to life atmosphere of any enterprise, office etc.; for speech characterization of the person (e.g a lot of medical terms in "Цитадель")

Poetic words are used in poetry and therefore they have poetic association. They are usually more abstract in meaning and more elevated than neutral ones.

poetic	neutral
Foe Woe To deem Thee oft	Enemy Sorrow To think Knew often

Archaic words (archaisms)

They denote words which are practically out of use in present day language. One of the reasons why words disappear is the disappearance of the things. Such archaisms are called "material" (historical) (e.g yeoman). Another reason is outing of the word by a synonym, very often by a loan words. Thus, the words "mein" - ocean, the verb "to deem" - to consider.

The use of archaic words in fiction (in historical novels e.g) serves to char-se the speech of the times, to reproduce its atmosphere. Numerous archaisms can be found in Walter Scot's novels. Archaisms are employed in poetry due to their stylistic coloring of elevation. The stylistic purpose of their use in official documents is to rise the bar of the ordinary matter of everyday life.

Ex: In witness whereof we have caused this diploma to be signed and our corporate seal to be hereto affixed.

Galperin classifies archaic words into the following:

- obsolescent (устаревающие). That is they are in the stage of gradually passing out of general use (e.g thee, thou)

- obsolete - words that have already gone completely out of the use but still recognised by the English-speaking community (e.g methinks = it seems to me)

- archaic proper - words which are no longer recognizable in modern English (e.g a losel = lazy fellow).

Barbarisms and foreign words

They are borrowed words which are entirely assimilated into English. Most barbarisms have synonyms in the word stock of the lang which has borrowed them (e.g tete-a-tete = face to face).

For pure stylistic purposes it's necessary to distinguish between barbarisms and so called foreign words. Barbarisms are words that have come a fact of the Eng lang and they are supposed to be understood by all educated people and usually they are not supplied with the explanation.

Foreign words require either translation or explanation. They have the func of creating local coloring if they are used in the text dealing with foreign parts. They may also be used for speech char-tion to show that the person is of a foreign origin. Foreign words and barbarisms are in a constant motion, foreign words can become barbarisms.