Passive voice (страдательный залог)

to be + Participle II (V₃)

Глагол-сказуемое в Active Voice показывает, что подлежащее предложения само совершает действие, выраженное глаголом.

I ask questions. – я задаю вопросы.

Глагол-сказуемое в Passive Voice показывает, что подлежащее предложения само не выполняет действия, а является объектом действия (т.е. действие направлено на него).

I am asked questions. – Мне задают вопросы.

Формы глагола в Passive Voice образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и V₃ смыслового глагола.

Переводится на русский язык:

1. 1. Глаголом, заканчивающимся на -ся.

2. is washed – омывается are washed – омываются

3. 2. Кратким причастием

4. is made – изготовлен, сделан are made – изготовлены, сделаны

5. 3. Сочетанием глагола «быть» + краткое причастие

6. was founded – был основан will be done – будет сделан

7. 4. Глаголом в действительном залоге, если в предложении (в страдательном залоге) есть дополнение с предлогом «by»

8. He was laughed at by the boys. – Мальчики смеялись над ним.

9. 5. Если дополнение с предлогом «by» отсутствует, то страдательный залог переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным предложением.

10. He was laughted at. – Над ним смеялись.

11. The doctor was sent for. – За доктором послали.

	Simple Continuous		Perfect
Present	is developed – развивается are developed – развиваются	is (are)being developed развивае(-ю-)тся (сейчас)	have (has) been developed был(и) развиты
Past	was (were) developed развивался был развит	was(were) being developed развивался (-лись)	had been developed был(и) развит(ы)
Future	will be developed будет развит		will have been developed будет (будут) развиты

Read and translate the examples.

Present Simple: am / is / are + V₃

Active: Somebody cleans the room every day.

Passive: The room is cleaned every day.

Cheese is made of milk.

I’m not often invited to parties.

These books are published in Russia.

Past Simple: was / were + V₃

Active: Somebody cleaned the room yesterday.

Passive: The room was cleaned yesterday

During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion.

When was that castle built?

These computers weren’t made in Korea.

Future Simple: will be + V₃

Active: Somebody will clean the room soon.

Passive: The room will be cleaned soon.

A new cinema will be built in our street next year.

Will this text be translated in half an hour?

Present Continuous: am / is/are being + V₃

Active: Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

Passive: The room is being cleaned at the moment

Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down.

(shop assistant to a customer) Are you being served, madam?

Past Continuous: was / were being + V₃

Active: Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.

Passive: The room was being cleaned when I arrived.

Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed.

Present Perfect: have / has been + V₃

Active: The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it .

Passive: The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.

Have you heard the news? The president has been killed.

Have you ever been bitten by a dog?

I’m not going to the party. I haven’t been invited.

Past Perfect: had been + V₃

Active: The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned it .

Passive: The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.

Jim didn’t know about the change of plans. He hadn’t been told.

Future Perfect: will have been + V₃

Active: The room will look much better soon. She will have cleaned it by 4o’clock.

Passive: The room will look much better soon. It will have been cleaned by 4 o’clock.

Your computer will have been repaired by the end of the week.

Упр. 18. Choose a proper form (active or passive) and translate the sentences.

1. 1. Russia (washed, is washed) by seas and oceans in the North and in the East.

2. 2. At our Institute the students (teach, are taught) English and German.

3. 3. The Moscow Finance-Law University(founded, was founded) in 1990.

4. 4. My friend (has finished, has been finished) the translation of the text.

5. 5. I am sure the exams (will pass, will be passed) successfully.

6. 6. He (wrote, was written) his test without mistakes.

7. 7. Specialists of high qualification (train, are trained) at our University.

Упр. 19. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using Passive Voice.

1. 1. Наша страна омывается морями и океанами на севере и на востоке (to wash).

2. _____________________________________________________________________

3. 2. В нашем университете обучают двум иностранным языкам (to teach).

4. __________________________________________________________________________

5. 3. Эта проблема обсуждается сейчас в печати (to discuss).

6. __________________________________________________________________________

7. 4. Специальным предметам нас будут обучать на третьем и четвертом курсах (to teach).

8. __________________________________________________________________________

9. 5. Тема «Моя будущая профессия» будут изучаться в следующем году (to study).

10. __________________________________________________________________________

11. 6. Меня спрашивали на прошлом занятии (to ask).

12. __________________________________________________________________________

13. 7. Многие отрасли промышленности в нашей стране высоко развиты (to developed).

14. __________________________________________________________________________

Упр. 20. When were these famous people born? You have to choose the right year for each person:

1889, 1770, 1452, 1870, 1564.

1. 1. Lenin was born in 1870.

2. 2. Shakespeare _____________________ .

3. 3. Leonardo da Vinci _______________ .

4. 4. Charlie Chaplin _________________ .

5. 5. Beethoven ______________________ .

6. 6. And you? I ______________________ .

Упр. 21. In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then write another meaning. Begin each sentence as shown.

Examples:

Somebody stole may bag in the shop. My bag was stolen in the shop.

The police have arrested three men.

Three men have been arrested by the police.

1. 1. The bill includes service. Service ________________________________ in the bill.

2. 2. People don’t use this road very often. This road _____________________________

3. 3. They cancelled all flights because of fog. All flights __________________________

4. 4. Somebody accused me of stealing the money. I ______________________________

5. 5. They are building a new ring-road round the city. A new ring-road _______________

1. 6. I didn’t realise that someone was recording our conversation. I didn’t realise that our conversation _______________________________________

2. 7. They have changed the date of the meeting. The date of the meeting ______________

3. 8. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street. Brian told me that he ____________________________________________________

Упр. 22. Put the verbs given in brackets in Passive Voice.

Texas

The state of Texas is a south-western state of the USA and (to be situated) ………………………

above Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. In fact it used to be part of the United States in 1845. The official language is English, though Spanish (to speak) ……………………………………..

also widely. A lot of oil (to produce) ………………………………………… in Texas and (to export) …………………………………. to other American states, although this isn’t the state’s only business; there are many other industries too, and agriculture is also important. The state (to head) …………………………….. by a governor. As part of the USA, Texas (to govern) ………

………………………….. by the President and the Congress.

NOTES:

1. above – выше; над

2. oil – нефть

3. the only – единственный

4. agriculture – сельское хозяйство

5. governor – губернатор

6. to govern – править, управлять

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