Unit I Painting

I. Vocabulary

Exercise 1. Read and memorize the following words and word- combinations.

1. surface	поверхня
2. to share	розподіляти
3. to capture	полонити
4. shape syn. form	форма
5. space	місце
6. texture	текстура
7. primary	основний колір
8. tan	рудувато-коричневий
9. means syn. medium (pl.media), technique	засіб, спосіб, середовище
10. drawing	рисунок, малюнок
11. edge	край
12. mass syn. weight	маса
13. flat	горизонтальний, рівний
14. solid	цілісний
15. stroke	мазок
16. fabric	тканина
17. binder	зв’язувальна речовина
18. easel	мольберт
19. transparent ant. opaque	прозорий
20. plaster	штукатурка
encaustic painting syn. hot wax painting	малювання восковими фарбами
22. resin	камедь
wide range syn. wide variety	широка численність

Exercise 2. Find the odd one in each group:

1. means, flat, media, technique

2. shape, form, tan, figure

3. weight, bulk, mass, surface

Exercise 3. Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right:

1. texture	a). single movement of a brush
2. fabric	b). a material used to bind separate particles together
3. easel	c). a picture or plan made by means of lines on a surface
4. shape	d). the outward form of an object defined by outline
5. drawing	e). a frame used for displaying an artist's canvas
6. stroke	f). any cloth made from yarn or fibers
7. binder	g). the surface of a material

Exercise 4. Find in the text derivatives containing suffixes 1. -tion; -ment; -ist; -ance; -ing 2. -ous, -ent, al; of the following words, say to what part of speech they belong to and translate them:

1. to paint, to feel, to draw, to direct, to enjoy, to add, to appear, art.

2. religion, emotion, to differ

Exercise 5. Give the Ukrainian/Russian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations without using a dictionary:

Prehistoric, religious, nature, history, mythology, element, theme, line, figure, object, material,

pigments, substance, fresco painting, pastel, tempera, acrylic, vinyl, technique, tone, mixture.

II Reading

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text A:

Text A Painting

Painting is one of the oldest and most important arts. Since prehistoric times, artists have arranged paint on surfaces in ways that express their ideas about people and the world. The paintings that artists create have great value for humanity. They provide people with both enjoyment and information.

All great paintings share a common feature. They express the painter’s special view about a subject. People have always been a favourite subject of painters, who have shown them in many different ways. Religious subjects dominated painting in some parts of the world for hundreds of years. A large part of all the painting ever done in Asia is religious. Medieval Europeans painted almost nothing but religious subjects. Painters of the European Renaissance, which followed the Middle Ages, painted more religious pictures than any other kind. Many artists turn to nature for their subject matter. They paint scenes called landscapes and seascapes that try to capture the many moods of nature. Still lifes are pictures of objects. Still-life painters are interested in the objects themselves – their colour, shape, surface, and the space within or around them. History, mythology, and social expression are another subject matter, which artists often find in the past.

Paintings consist of many artistic elements. The most important elements include (1) colour, (2) line, (3) mass, (4) space, (5) texture. By stressing certain elements, a painter can make a picture easier to understand or bring out some particular mood or theme. For example, an artist can combine certain colours and lines in a picture to produce an intensely emotional feeling.

Colour can help an artist to tell a story, express an emotion, or create a composition. Sometimes an artist does not colour all the forms as they would appear in real life. Instead, he would use strong primary colours – such as blue, red, and yellow – in the parts of the painting he would like to emphasize. He would balance his colours with delicate black, brown, gray, tan, and white colors.

Line is the chief means by which most artists build up the forms in their pictures. By combining lines of different lengths and different directions, an artist makes a drawing. The addition of paint makes the drawing a painting. Artists use lines to show the edges of the figures and objects. Some lines are thick and some are thin.

Mass allows an artist to express the feeling of weight in a painting. Sometimes a painter can create a picture largely in terms of mass, when an artist makes his objects look as if they are made of stone or some other heavy material.

Space can be created by arranging lines, colours, and light and dark areas in certain ways – even though he really paints on a small flat surface. An artist can make an object look flat or solid, and either close or far away.

Texture refers to the appearance of the painting’s surface. The paint of a picture may be thick and rough or thin and smooth. A rough texture is created by using thick strokes of paint and it would add to a definite emotional feeling of the painting.

Painting materials are many. An artist makes a picture by spreading paint on a surface, such as a wall or a piece of fabric, paper, or wood. The appearance of the picture is affected by the surface on which it is painted, the kind of paint that is used, and the liquid that is used to thin the paint. Paints are made by mixing dry powdered colours called pigments with sticky substances called binders. As the binder dries or hardens, it holds the pigment to the picture surface. Artists use paint thinners (also called painting mediums) along with pigments and binders. Artists use brushes and painting knives to put paint on the picture surface. Brushes come in many lengths and shapes, allowing artists to produce various kinds of strokes. A piece of fabric on which a picture is made is called a canvas, which sits on an easel.