Blueprints for the Golden Age. Mark Mazower.

Rethinking new Europe WWII. Need adaptation to new times. New and imaginative.

Dramatic changes: 1) collapsed the social distances upon pre-war class systems had rested, 2) classes & communities together (bombing).

Democracy Carr. Forgot about the right to live and work. Bourgeoisie democracy true social democracy.

Keynes. Need to ensure social security and attack unemployment  BR full-employment policies, fiscal management, education and health.

Need planning for social good. “Nation and Family” t preserve freedom and progress and avoid social chaos.

War made all countries a national planned economy under the direction of the state. Economic planning and social intervention were new that provided post-war political stability. War stressed economic individualism and laissez-faire. Nazi small role of individual, devalued the meaning of heroism. Need reassertion of individual. Spiritual development, individual is important for freedom.

Law. Rights of individual. Churchil. Minimum standard for social security. Nazi violation of rights. The League of Nation could not pressure because Germany did it on own territory.

Question. Should human rights be individual or collective (post-war)? 1) diminishing collective approach.

Idea of creation international harmony through federation. Churchil EU as US. Never realized. Low popularity of federalism. Reasons: hostility of Soviet, creation of anti-Soviet Union blocks, small countries worried to disappear in Europe.

The New Consensus: Limits and Contradictions.

Hayek liberalism vs. collectivism planned economy. Reasons: 1) not democratic, 2) disregard of individuality and rights of small nations

Western planning = Soviet collectivism. Economic liberalism in Germany and Italy 1945.

Utopias and Realities: the Extent of the Achievement. Reforms. Western mixed economy + welfare. Laissez-faire. Extension of suffrage (FR).

Democracy Transformed: Western Europe 1950-75.

Portugal and Spain were for the old order  excluded from UN EEC, Marshal Plan.

FR, GM, IT for new order  new constitutional systems. Ban of NAZI. Tired of ideology.

The Miracle of Growth after 1950 economic transformation.

Lowed industrial production. GM food shortage. Inflation. 1913-1950 economic growth. 1950-60s gentle rise of prices but inflation and instability. Full employment as a part of modern capitalism (growth  productivity  living standard  taxes welfare).

Marshal plan. Functions: European countries financed by superpower rather than supported by it  scarce growth. Import from US. Economic growth  better welfare, democratization. BR taxation. Social solidarity. New view on welfare – middle class interest groups.

Individualistic mobilization of Europe.

No class rivalries no mass politics. Consumer society. Ownership, advertisement, better living standards. Shape of identity and new freedom.

Americanization of Europe?

Homogenization. American model of society. Goals: promoting federalism, free trade, new technology, marketing.US influenced on traditions. New consumerism.

The social contrast in crisis.

Monetarism dependent on money supply. Mid 1980s monetarism was abandoned.

Changes from authoritarianism  neo-liberalism.

1970-90s mass unemployment again. UK poverty pensions, people in prison out of work. Consumer society  crime. Immigrants. AU failure of immigration petition.

The enduring state.

Neo-corporatism. Neo-liberalism because of financial deregulation. Trade liberalization  weakening of monopolies. Technological change  international competition.