- •The subject-matter of Phonetics. Branches of Phonetics.
- •Types of Phonetics according to its specific fields of investigation.
- •Phonology. The relationship between Phonetics and Phonology.
- •The difference between phonemes and allophones. Classification of allophones.
- •Common features of consonants as opposed to vowels.
- •Common features of vowel as opposed to conconants.
- •Main principals of consonant classification. Classification of English consonants.
- •11. Syllabic structure if English words. Functional characteristics if syllables.
- •13. Pronunciation. Phonemic and phonetic transcription. The Phonemic Chart.
- •14. The Reform Movement in the language teaching and the foundation of the ipa.
- •12. Word stress in English.
- •15. Approaches to the intonation study. Functions of intonation. Stylistic use of intonation.
- •If more or less phonetically similar sounds occur in mutually exclusive positions they are called allophones of one and the same phoneme.
- •If more or less phonetically different sounds occur in the same phonetic contexts they are called allophones of different phonemes.
- •In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
- •Vowels:
- •Vowels of full formation
- •1.Phonemic principle
- •2. Differentiating principle
- •Intonation
- •Indented line
Vowels:
All vowels are oral sounds (articulated through mouth, sometimes partially nasal)
All vowels are voiced
Are characterized by free flow of air through the oral cavity
Distinguishing features are made by tongue position
Opinions:
some say of 12 vowels, excluding difthongues
sm speak of 20 vowels, 2 monoft. + 8 diphthongues
sm speak of 21 vowels (Russian linguists)
monof. – vowels, pronounced in a way that during pronunciation organs of speech do not change their position
dif. – when pronouncing, organs start in the position of one vowel and gradually move to the position of other vowel. 1st vowel – nucleus, 2nd - a glide
[ei] [ai] [oi]
[au] [ou]
[iэ] [iэ] [iэ]
American dif-s [ai] [au] [oi]
Sm single out [oэ]
May be classified according to:
-position of the tongue (horizontal, neither advanced nor retrected)
-position of lips
-acc 2 length
-acc 2 degree of tenseness
Unstressed vocalism of English
Neutral ə
Occur only in unstressed position
Can perform distinctive fs only when opposed to other unstressed vowels
Neutral ə is a core of unstressed voc of English. All allophones are known in ling as schwa vowel
Independent phonemic status of neutral vowels provided by lots of mp where schwa is opposed to other neutral vowels. [ə] – [i] \ [ə] – [ou]
Semi-weak vowels – vowels, lying between strong and neutral vowels
[o] – [ou]
careful style [o] - [o’bei]
colloquial style [ə] - [ə ‘bei]
full style [ou] – [ou’bei]
a product of partial reduction
s-w vowels are never opposed to the corresponding vowels of full-formation or neutral vowels
Vowels of full formation
The system of English consonantal phonemes
Manner\place |
bilabial |
Labial-dental |
interdental |
alveolar |
velar |
glottal |
|
occlusive |
Plosives |
P, b, m |
|
|
T, d, n |
K, g, ŋ |
|
Affricates |
|
|
|
t∫ , d٤ |
|
|
|
constrictive |
Fricatives |
|
F, v |
Ǿ, ð |
∫, s, z, ٤ |
|
h |
sonorants |
|
|
|
L, r |
j |
|
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English Segmental Phonemes in Writing
Language performs its function as an important medium of human inter-communication not only in oral, but also in written form. Material integument of written language is made by graphic symbols – letters and hieroglyphics.
Of the aims of phonetics is to study the connection between the oral speech and its graphical representation.
English language is known for irregularities of spelling, due to different principles of orthography.