31)Historical meaning of the Taaukel-khan’s activities in expansion of the territory and strengthening external relations of the Kazakh Khanate

Tauekel (otherwise - Tavvakula) - Kazakh Khan, one of the heirs and successors Haknazar Khan. Thanks Tauekel-khan were acquired vast territory. In Tauekel in 1581-with his father Sultan Shigay-Khan and other Kazakh sultans came to the Uzbek Khan Abdallahu Liege and took him dependency.      At the beginning in 1582 Kazakh squads Tauekel-Sultan took part in a hike Abdallah Khan in Tashkent against Baba-Sultan and mastering prisyrdarinskimi cities. As a result, Baba-Sultan was ubit.Tashkent and all cities Syrdare moved under the authority of Abdallah. Kazakhs, he did not return a single city. Tauekel-Abdallah Sultan received from the rich gifts and Afrikanetsky wilaya.      Soon, the same in 1582, died Shigay khan. Served for several more months, Tauekel broken "sacramental contract" with Abdallahom and returned to their homeland. Here he won a long internecine struggle with Kazakh sultans and in 1586 became Khan Kazakh Khanate. He returned to him full independent statehood and immediately proceeded to consolidate his power. By Tauekel in 1598 was already well-armed and trained hundred thousandth army.      Ambitious was his idea - to connect to his Uzbek khanates all land, the whole Maverannahr. It has established friendly ties with Moscow Tsar Fyodor Ioanovichem, sought a military alliance against Abdallah and his ally Kuchum Khan. Military Union failed, but events have developed favorably.      Tauekel Khan in August in 1598, led one hundred thousandth of its troops, having a brother in Esima assistants, moved to the conquest of Maverannahra. In the short term were captured all prisyrdarinskie city, Tashkent, Samarkand, Andijan, Bukhara Ashi and besieged.      But dvenadtsatisutochnaya its siege ended with a sudden powerful desperate attacks total defeat of Bukhara and garrison troops Tauekel Khan. He had to retreat. During the retreat, he was seriously injured in night combat. His dovezli to Tashkent, where he died.

32) Kazakh Khanate with Esim Khan.

The time when Esim Khan (1598-1628) ruled was very difficult. In the south, there was a constant struggle with the khan of Bukhara over the possession of Tashkent, in the east increasing oyrate tribes, in the Kazakh Khanate there were strifing sultans. Karakalpaks rose and took Tashkent. Esim Khan started the war against Karakalpak and in 1613 forced them to leave the middle reaches of the Syr Darya. In autumn 1603 Buhar troops came from Samarkand to Tashkent. In 1607 buhars captured Tashkent, but were defeated later by Esim Khan. In 1612 the head of Bukhara Imankul Khan attacked, and Kazakhs came to Karatau, looting on the road a few towns and villages. When he captured Tashkent he planted his son as the governors. Once the army left the city of Bukhara, tashkents rebelled and killed the governor. In 1613 the Kazakhs made a return trip and defeated the combined army of Bukhara, and Balkh. In 1613 the governor of Tashkent Tursun-Sultan proclaimed himself khan, entered into an alliance with Bukhars and took Turkestan, Sauran, Andizhan and Shakhrukh. After seizing power Tursun Oyrat carried out a new campaign and managed to subdue the Senior zhuz, Esim Khan was forced to flee to East Turkestan. In 1621 the Kazakhs were twice defeated by the buhars, but they did not manage to secure success. At this time Esim Khan returned to Kazakhstan, and defeated Tursun Oyrat in 1620. In 1624 Esim recaptured Turkestan from Tursun, but was unable to overthrow the usurper. In 1627 Kazakh troops leaded by Esim Khan headed off to campaign against Oyrat. Tursun then again attacked Turkestan. Tursyn arranged an ambush on Esim Khan, but his troops were defeated, and he was killed. Esim Khan had not overlived his opponent for long, and died in autumn of 1628. After the death of Esim Khan, his son Jangir (1628-1652) was proclaimed as khan. 33) Traditional economy of nomads.

In the late Bronze Age (end of the second to the beginning of the first millenia B.C. ) the inhabitants of the steppe region began practicing nomadic animal husbandry, mining, and the production of bronze wares. More than 100 settlements dating to the Bronze Age, with foundaries for the fusion of metals and the manufacture of weapons, tools, and ornaments, have been discovered. In the following period (roughly from the first millenium B.C. to the Christian Era) the nomadic tribes of Kazakhstan began to consolidate into larger units—the Saks (Scythians) tribal union in southern (Semirechie), eastern, and central Kazakhstan, and the Savromat Confederacy to the west and partly to the north. Ideologically, the cults of the sun and fire dominated worship of the goddess-guardian of the domestic hearth and of fertility and totemism, and magical practices were retained. The well-known Scythian-Saksian style flourished, renowned to this day for its artistry and expressivity. Subsequently, new, more powerful tribal unities developed, these showing early signs of centralized state power: Usuni, and Kangyugi (in southern Kazakhstan the Semirechie), which maintained contacts with Bactria and the empires of Kushan, Panthia, and China.

In the second 500 years of the first millennium A.D. a process of feudalization took place. Powerful feudal states such as the Old Turkish, Tyurgesh, Karluk, Oguz, Kumak, and Kipchak ruled the region, with each tending to replace the next. In 1219-1220 Mongol Tatars conquered the region; their rule restricted cultural and economic development. The emergence of the Kazakhs as a distinct ethnic group occurred in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries with the rise of the Kazakh Khanate. There were three powerful entities called zhuz (Russian: orda): the Old Zhuz in southern Kazakhstan and the Semirechie, the Middle Zhuz in central and northern Kazakhstan, and the Young Zhuz in western Kazakhstan. At the start of the nineteenth century the Bukeev Zhuz broke away from the Young Zhuz and occupied the Pre-Caspian steppe between the Volga and Ural rivers. Each of the zhuzes consisted of a number of tribes, which were further subdivided into smaller tribes and clans within the tribes. The clans were unified internally by common ancestry.

During the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries the "traditional" culture of the Kazakhs was established, including house type, furnishings, utensils, clothing, food, rituals, art, and oral tradition. All customs and beliefs were strongly influenced by the nomadic and seminomadic animal husbandry that was the basis of Kazakh life.

During this period, the Kazakh economy also changed markedly. Trade increased, agriculture developed, and the first industrial enterprises, mainly devoted to the processing of agricultural raw materials, were developed. The territory was also settled by large numbers of peasants from European Russia, and Kazakhstan became a multicultural region.

34)

Process of centralization of the power in the Kazakh Khanate during the period of Tauke-Khan

Tauke Khan is one of the most eminent khans of the Kazakh Khanate, who made an invaluable contribution to the national history. His name is associated with strengthening of the statehood of the Kazakhs, the adoption of foreign policy positions of the Kazakh Khanate to the system of international relations in the Central Asian region.

Tauke khan’s year of government takes a special place in the Kazakh history. This was the "Golden Age" ,cease of the destructive feudalism, the age of the relative dominance of laws, economic development and prosperity of trade.

Tauke-Khan is considered the founder of Kazakh customary law, since only in his time legal system of the Kazakh society was finalized. .

The first major change Tauke khan introduced into the system of power relations. He streamlined the activities of bi making council meetings permanent and regular. Moreover, he established a place of councils. Bi councils have become an important public body performing forward and backward linkages in the system of power relations. Thus, the power of authority among the common people grew rapidly, allowing the dynamic development of political situation in the country.

Tauke-Khan was the first who was able to organize tribal and clan relations. The main principle was proclaimed by consensus.

Reforms of Tauke Khan touched the legal system. Collection of Laws under the name "Zheti Zhargy" (Seven precepts) was developed with his direct participation. According to folk legends, Tauke gathered at the Kul-Tobe biys life hereafter, which are based on old statutes Kasim Khan and Khan Yesim developed and adopted a new set of laws. Unfortunately, this legal document has not reached us in its initial version. Some of his pieces are presented in the book known researcher, A. Levshin, who recorded it from the mouth of the Kazakhs.

In 1697, the supreme ruler Jungaria became Tsewang-Rabtan and from that moment in the Kazakh-Oirat Relations started a new, more violent period. The largest military campaigns in Jungars limiting Kazakh nomads took place in 1711-1712, 1714, 1717, 1723 and 1725, respectively. Tauke Khan, soberly assessing the situation, looking for potential allies to create a political and military alliance against Jungars. Tauke Khan decided to go for rapprochement with Russia. But to fully implement their plans Tauke Khan did not have time. He passed away in 1718

After his death, the internecine strife in the Kazakh Khanate broke out with even greater force.

Nevertheless, among the people to this day remained a special respect for the individual Tauke Khan, as the man who succeeded to unite the Kazakhs, to protect the state and establish the rule of law and order.

35) Zheti-zharghy as a monument of customary law of Kazakhs

Accordingly, in the Kazakh society the basic form of the right was the legal or authorized custom. The basic certificate where legal customs have been concentrated was the code of laws of khan Tauke " ZHety ZHargy ". On historical arena in the end of the seventeenth century there was khan Tauke (1680-1718), who made much for association of all zhuz and ulus. First of all it has strengthened the central government, has created the state advice and advice of bi.

All the major questions of the country, including militaries, were solved on this advice. Also khan Tauke for the first time in the Kazakh steppe has developed and has approved the hand-written code of laws " ZHety ZHargy " (" Seven ulozheny "). It was the set of laws that covered practically all parts of a life of a society. On some historical data, on hill Martobe in the end of 17 - beginning of 18 centuries Tauke gathered on annual May kurultai all three Kazakh zhuz for the decision of affairs significant for all khanate. Here Tauke-khan has declared the code of laws " ZHety ZHargy ", which became the first common kazakh rights.

The basic data about " Zhety ZHargy "

Changes of political structure have caused an imperative need of processing and legal base of the organization of the Kazakh society. This work was spent all XVII century and khan Tauke has found the fastening in the code of laws " Zheti ZHargy " (Seven Establishments). This arch has been developed at participation of the famous bievsin the beginning of XVII century and included following basic sections:

1. The ground Law (ZHer dauy), in which obgovarivalos the decision of disputes on pastures and watering places. 2. The family-marriage law where the order of the conclusion and divorce, the right and a duty of spouses was established, property rights of members of family. 3. The military Law regulating departure of a compulsory military service, formation of divisions and elections of military leaders. 4. Regulations about litigation, the order of proceeding.

5. The criminal Law establishing punishments for various kinds of crimes except for murder. 6. The law about kune, establishing punishments for murders and heavy physical injuries. 7. The law on widows regulating the property and personal rights of widows and orphans, and also obligations in relation to them of a community and relatives died. Except for " Zheti ZHargy " it continued to be used as a source of the right and " Code of Kasym ", especially in the field of international law. Original additions to codes were positions of congresses of bies - "Erezhe", and " Biler ᥧi " - the stories containing data on an expert of court bies- judicial pretsendente. Legal proceedings has been based on a common law - an adat and the Muslim right - Sheriyat. Judicial function was in hands of bies. Especially complex business were considered by congress biev. Sultans and khan took part in trial of some affairs. For analysis put bii, sultans and khan received compensation - bijlik, hanlyk, and also various gifts. If the respondent evaded from court or execution of its decision the claimant had the right to make barymtu (violent stealing of cattle). The right to the property - basic institute of the Kazakh right. Pastures and arable lands belonged to a sort, to a community, the cattle was in the family property.

Winter pastures and irrigated arable lands were especially strictly differentiated. Institutes of the obligatory right include connection sale and purchase, the loan, hiring, storage and transportations. In the Kazakh right there were also such original institutes of the obligatory right as zhylu, zhurtshylyk, asar, etc. the Marriage right of Kazakhs corresponded to economic basis. The basic form of marriage was individual marriage. Among imushchego estates were was extended also with polygamy.

One of features of family-marriage attitudes was amengerstvo - custom on which the wife died passed to the brother of the husband. The interdiction of marriage between relatives up to the seventh knee has been established. Each adult son had the right to a part of property of the father. After achievement of the certain age of sons allocated in an independent facilities (otau). All facilities of the father after death got to the younger son.

In Kazakh society XV-XVII centuries yet there were no differentiations between civil law and criminal. The concept of a crime merged with concept of a bad act (zhaman ic), a sin (kun). In criminal law there was a law punishments (blood feud). In most cases the blood feud was replaced with the repayment (kun). For some crimes penalties were imposed. According to " Zheti ZHargy ", the criminal liability usually extended only on the direct originator, at the same time the principle of collective responsibility of a community has been widely widespread. So, if the respondent on court was not or did not pay put kun the penalty was collected from all community. In that case the right to act with the respondent at own discretion was given to members of a community. Such measure of punishment as imprisonment of Kazakhs did not exist, there were no prisons.

As a whole researchers mark humanity of the Kazakh criminal law. Only in extreme cases the death penalty was applied. Such exception was rape and theft of the another's wife.

36) Material and spiritual culture of the Kazakh people in XV-XVII

In XV-XVII centuries an original culture of the Kazakh people was developed. Consolidated the main features of the material and spiritual culture of the Kazakhs - the types of housing, its decoration and utensils, clothing and food, in the rites and customs, crafts and oral traditions. Architectural complexes Signak and Sauran, Yasa and Otrar, mausoleums Janybekov, Kasim in the shed; Kazangap near Ulutau, shrines in Mangyshlak in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya are known for peculiar, rigor and expressiveness of architectural forms. Products of home crafts and arts - fine ornamented objects horse equipment, tents, neatly dressed objects of their furnishings, household items (carpets, felts, embroidery, rugs, and dishes), the appeal of women's clothing and jewelry - all this indicates a high level of original material culture of the people. Oral poetry of Kazakhs widely developed in the XV-XVII centuries.. From generation to generation works of the heroic epic "Koblandy batyr", "Er-Targyn" "Kambar-ba-sput» became popular. Social and family poem-Korpesh and Bayan Sulu "," Kyz-Zhibek ", have composed the ritual songs and stories. In songs, poems, epic tales and exploits were celebrated the dedication of brave men in defending the homeland, about life and the life of the people. Talented musicians have created instrumental pieces (Cui) in epic, historical, legendary and everyday topics. In XVI-XVII century’s written literature in the Kazakh language was distributed in the form of books of religious, historical and legendary content, created a historical writings and genealogy (shezhre). The most important monument of Kazakh historical literature of XVII century is an essay Kadyrgali Jala-iri "Jami al-tavarikh.

In addition, XV-early XIX centuries. - a special time peak of Kazakh literature - known as the era girau. Zhyrau were poets - improvisers, songwriter-tolgau-reflection and instruction in verse. Often zhyrau were prominent political leaders, advisors Khans Razdelmi birth captains. In the XVI century historical work "Genghis-name" was written by Otemis Hajj. This book is notable because it reflects the oral historical tradition of the Kazakhs, it was written based on the legends and stories about the tribes and genera, their origins, the political history of the XIV-XV centuries. The most important monument of historical prose of Kazakhs is"Jamie Al-tauarih. The author of this book is a Kadyrgali Kasymuly zhalair, influential biy under Khan Tauekele. In the XV-XVIII centuries among Kazakh such books as "Kysas Al-Annabi," "Bud", "Sufi Allah Yar," "Kesik-bugs", etc s were distributed. These works were religious in nature, contained a number of ethnographic information and historical character. By the end of XVIII-early XIX century works of Tatikara, Koteshov, and Schaal were popular. Thus, oral and written literature is further developed and enriched during the XV-start H1Hvv. It was in succession associated with the culture of the previous time, was the basis, a basis for further development of the Kazakh national literature