- •Sustainable consumption and production (scp).
- •Strategic priority areas in the work of the Center for scp (cscp).
- •Resource-and low-waste technologies.
- •Energy efficiency. Alternative energy sources.
- •Energy efficiency-low consumption in industry.
- •Energy efficiency in buildings, transport, appliances.
- •Energy saving programs and legislation in Kazakhstan.
- •The role of the Kyoto Protocol in achieving sustainable energy use.
- •Ethical principles and standards of business and management of the organization.
- •Sustainability and social responsibility.
- •Corporate social responsibility. The benefits for business and society from implementing the principles of corporate social responsibility.
- •Civil society as an important component of sustainable development.
- •The concept of citizenship. Citizenship as an essential element of a democracy.
- •Democracy: principles and values.
- •Prospects for the development of civil society in Kazakhstan.
- •The value of public sector in political decisions aimed at sustainable development.
- •Human rights as the supreme human value. The purpose of creation of the United Nations.
- •The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the basis for the concept of sd.
- •The Human Rights and sustainable human development.
- •The legislation of Kazakhstan on Human Rights – reflection of the standards of international laws.
- •Role of political parties and ngOs in building a civil society.
- •23. The concept of welfare and well-being.
- •24.Social indicators that reflect different aspects of well-being.
- •Absolute and relative income.
- •Monetary income in the assessment of living standards of the population.
- •Types of inequality. International inequality and its causes.
- •Quantitative characteristics of inequality: the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curves.
- •Inequality in the countries with transition economies and Kazakhstan.
- •Absolute and relative poverty.
- •Indicators of poverty. The Human Poverty Index.
- •The levels of urban and rural poverty.
- •State and regional programs of Kazakhstan on poverty reduction.
Energy efficiency-low consumption in industry.
Appliances are another huge success story for energy efficiency, driven largely by mandatory federal standards. Laws passed in 1987 and 1992 have saved over $15 billion in energy costs. Under the 1997 Montreal Protocol, governments agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone.
According to "Energy Innovations," residential and commercial energy use can be cut an additional 25 to 50 percent using technology available today. Modern energy-efficient appliances, such as refrigerators, freezers, ovens, stoves, dishwashers, and clothes washers and dryers, use significantly less energy than older appliances.
According to a 2009 study from McKinsey & Company the replacement of old appliances is one of the most efficient global measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Lack of information is one of the biggest reasons why consumers aren't able to fully exploit their potential energy savings. Government, utilities and industries acting together can help lower the cost of getting information to consumers similar to labeling food products makes it easier to select the cheapest, most nutritional ones. New technologies on the horizon will greatly lower the cost of informing electric utility customers, demystifying the relationships between consumption and your bill.
Energy efficiency in buildings, transport, appliances.
Transportation is another sector where former conservation gains are now imperiled by new trends. Rail is the most fuel-efficient alternative for moving both goods and people. There has been lots of energy-efficiency progress. Another growing trend in automotive efficiency is the rise of hybrid and electric cars.
Better Buildings. Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning.
The ways of reducing building energy consumption are:
One way of reducing building energy consumption is to design buildings, such as Low-energy buildings, which are more economical in their use of energy for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply.
Low-energy buildings typically use high levels of insulation, energy efficient windows, low levels of air infiltration and heat recovery ventilation to lower heating and cooling energy.
Energy saving programs and legislation in Kazakhstan.
Demand for power in Kazakhstan is growing at a rate of 5 to 7 % per annum and existing generation facilities are becoming unable to meet the growing generation deficit. The majority of electricity is produced in aging coal-fired power stations and transmitted over thousands of kilometers to customers.
In this regard the development of renewable energy in Kazakhstan will have a number of benefits. It will reduce emissions of pollutants from the Kazakh power sector, it will reinforce the stretched transmission system and reduce losses and it will provide a hedge against volatile international fossil fuel markets. Legislation for renewable energy in Kazakhstan is expected to support the development of up to 2000MW of wind power and up to 1000MW of new small scale hydro-electric power generation by 2024 and meet the Government’s indicative target of 5% of power to be generated from renewable sources.