3. Formation of nouns by joining two or more stems together:

a) noun + noun: rainbow (радуга); headache (головная боль);

b) adjective + noun: blackboard (классная доска); blackberry (черная смородина);

c) adverb + noun: afternoon (время после полудня);

d) verb + noun: flashlight (электрический фонарь, лампа вспышки); knitwear (вязаные вещи, трикотаж);

e) noun + verb: handshake (рукопожатие); dancehall (танцзал)

The stems of compound nouns can be written together (sunlight − солнечный свет; dressmaker − портниха), with a hyphen (record-player − проигрыватель; passer-by − прохожий) and separately (fountain pen − авторучка; oak tree − дуб)

4. Formation of nouns by conversion.

Conversion is the process of transition of one part of speech into another one without any suffixes or prefixes.

a) verbs → nouns:

to doubt (сомневаться) doubt (сомнение)

to love (любить) love (любовь)

to laugh (смеяться) laugh (смех)

to conduct (вести) conduct (поведение)

to present (дарить) present(подарок) to record (записывать) record (запись)

b) adjectives →nouns:

comic (комический) a comic (кинокомедия)

daily (ежедневный) a daily (ежедневная газета)

poor (бедный) the poor (бедняки)

rich (богатый) the rich (богачи)

unemployed (безработный) the unemployed (безработные)

young (молодой) the young (молодежь)

old (старый) the old (старики)

Exercise 1. Translate the following nouns into Russian / Ukrainian, define the derivational suffixes and tell the parts of speech they were made from.

A. 1. breakage; 2. drainage; 3. leakage; 4. approval; 5. arrival; 6. refusal; 7. acceptance; 8. appearance; 9. performance; 10. delivery; 11. discovery; 12. recov­ery; 13. agreement; 14. arrangement; 15. employ­ment; 16. collision; 17. decision; 18. division; 19. edu­cation; 20. organization; 21. attention; 22. solution; 23. departure; 24. failure; 25. closure; 26. payment; 27. fixation; 28. multiplication; 29. improvisation; 30. introduction; 31. constitution; 32. construction; 33. production; 34. transmission; 35. assistant; 36. servant; 37. dependent.

B. 1. writer; 2. occupier; 3. runner; 4. beginner; 5. traveller; 6. collector; 7. editor; 8. protector; 9. sailor; 10. visitor; 11. beggar; 12. liar.

C. 1. advice; 2. belief; 3. breath, 4. choice; 5. cloth; 6. device; 7. half; 8. life; 9. proof; 10. relief; 11. shelf; 12. teeth; 13. wreath.

Exercise 2. Translate the following nouns into Russian / Ukrainian and tell the adjectives they were made from.

1. importance; 2. absence; 3. presence; 4. darkness; 5. happiness; 6. equality; 7. kindness; 8. length; 9. strength; 10. truth.

Exercise 3. Find nouns that have the same form as the verbs they were made from. Translate them into Russian / Ukrainian.

1. aim; 2. answer; 3. cause; 4. change; 5. doubt; 6. dream; 7. end; 8. fall; 9. guess; 10. hope; 11. influ­ence; 12. interest; 13. joke; 14. laugh; 15. lock; 16. mover; 17. note; 18. order; 19. plan; 20. play; 21. quarrel; 22. result; 23. smile; 24. stop; 25. talk; 26. trouble; 27. walk; 28. work; 29. abuse; 30. excuse; 31. use.

Exercise 4. Add more examples of nouns with the same suffixes. Translate the examples into Russian / Ukrainian.

–or translator

–er doer

–ist biochemist

–ism mechanism

–age storage

–ance assistance

–ence difference

–dom wisdom

–hood childhood

–tion dictation

–ment development

–ness happiness

–ship friendship

–ty possibility

–ure picture

–th length

–ing earning

–ry slavery

–ent student

–ate candidate

Exercise 5. Analyze the suffixes of the following words and find nouns among them. Translate them into Russian / Ukrainian.

1. attention 11. doctor

2. classify 12. density

3. movement 13. friendship

4. culture 14. advertize

5. completely 15. happiness

6. advantage 16. demonstrate

7. decision 17. demonstration

8. publishing 18. demonstrative

9. expressive 19. dependence

10. agreement 20. freedom

Exercise 6. Make nouns from the words in brackets to complete the conversations. Use these suffixes: