The functions of participle II in the sentence:

1. attribute:

a broken cup; a retired colonel; withered leaves; a beautifully lit hall; a hall beautifully lit by candles

Note: She left the room, accompanied by her dog. – a detached attribute

2. Adverbial modifier of:

(Translation: a clause; conjunctions)

1. time:

CONJUNCTIONS: when, while, until, once

When asked, he always answered politely.

He won’t stop talking until interrupted.

Once given an opportunity, she will never miss it.

2. comparison:

CONJUNCTIONS: as if, as though

He looked at her as if lost in admiration.

3. condition:

CONJUNCTIONS: if, unless

If asked, he always answered politely.

If discovered, they’d be arrested.

4. concession:

CONJUNCTIONS: though, although

Though surprised, he didn’t show it.

3. predicative:

He was amused.

The shop was closed.

Everybody was gone.

He felt disappointed.

You look interested.

He seems surprised.

He became interested.

She remained disappointed.

The door remained locked.

He sounds disappointed.

I. The objective participial construction

(объектная конструкция с причастием)

Noun in the common case/pronoun in the objective case + participle

• I saw him waiting in the hall.

Function: complex object

non-perfect active participle I or participle II

(non-perfect passive participle I is rarely used: I could see the decision being taken.)

This construction can be introduced by the following verbs (the verb isn’t a part of the construction):

1. Of sense perception (participle I and participle II): to see, to hear, to observe, to perceive, to smell, to notice, to discover, to find

I could see clouds gathering.

I found the city changed.

2. Of mental activity (participle II): to consider, to believe, to understand etc.

She considered herself engaged.

I thought the book lost.

3. of wish (participle II): to wish, to want (sometimes with participle I), to prefer, to like, would like

I want it done now.

I want my orders obeyed.

I prefer the letter answered at once.

4. Of causative meaning (participle I and participle II): to have, to get, to keep, to start, to set, to order

I’ve had my hair cut.

Where did she have her clothes made?

She got the house painted.

He had/got all his money stolen.

They got the things going.

Can’t you set this engine going?

He had them crying in five minutes.

I won’t have you smoking here.

They kept him waiting.

They kept the door locked.

How did she get herself invited?

He couldn’t make himself heard.

5. To catch (participle I):

I caught him stealing.

6. To leave (participle I and participle II):

They left her crying.

They left the door locked.

II. The subjective participial construction

Noun in the common case/pronoun in the nominative case + participle

• He was seen waiting in the hall.

Function: subject + part of a compound predicate (of double orientation)

1. non-perfect active participle I:

		seen
	is	heard
	was	felt
Smb./smth	will be	found	doing smth.
	can be	caught
		kept
		left etc

• He was kept waiting.

• She was left crying.

• They were seen talking about the conference.