• Metonymical group

Metonymy - contiguity / nearness / real association of two objects

She was dressed in silk.

The Downing Street is ready to ...

He kept the table amused.

А повз неї тупали тисячі ніг, дихали тисяча грудей ...

Types of metonymy

1. lexical/etymological (a source of creating new words or meanings) - devoid of stylistic meaning

Mackintosh, volt, china (porcelain), Madeira (wine), astrakhan fur

From the cradle to the grave

the marble spoke

язик до Києва доведе

• 2. Stylistic/expressive/contextual

We smiled at each other, but we didn’t speak because there were ears all around us.

Mess-jacket looked at me with his silent sleek smile

Потому, что здесь порой

Ходит маленькая ножка,

Вьется локон золотой. A. Пушкин

Is used:

- to create and build up imagery

- the technique of a caricature = metonymic distortion of some aspect of human appearance

The blue nose appeared in the doorway. (J. Cary)

M. Thatcher - bouffant hair and pointed nose

Varieties of metonymy

Synecdoche

1. Naming the whole object by mentioning part of it

They live under the same roof

Його кров вас покарає

He made his way through the perfume and conversation . (I. Show)

All hands on deck!

2. Using the name of the whole object to denote a constituent part of this object

the hall applauded

the school went to the zoo

• Periphrasis ( to speak around) - a substitution of the word for the word combination, which describes its most essential features

I can’t do business with a petticoat in the room. (E. Braithwaite) =

Dig up, you discourager of young talent! (J. London) =

two hundred pages of blood-curdling narrative =

місто каштанів =

Types:

1. Traditional / dictionary / periphrastic / language periphrasis:

my better half

the fair sex

чорне золото

2 logical:.based on the logical associations:

instruments of destruction =

охоронець правопорядку =

людина у мантії =

люди у білих халатах =

3. figurative /stylistic/expressive = a new, genuine nomination of an object :

to tie the knot =

the punctual servant of all work =

the most pardonable of human weaknesses =

… і він потрюхикав до ринкової площі способом Адама і Єви, тобто пішки.

Euphemism (to speak well) - a replacement of and unpleasantly sounding word or phrase

a lady of doubtful age

a whitewashing device” = a more polite qualification instead of a coarser one

They think we have come by this horse in some dishonest manner = we stole the horse. (Ch. Dickens)

the origin of euphemism - religious taboo

1. religious

God – Lord, Goodness, Heaven, Almighty

Всевишній, Всесильний, Творець

Devil - the dickens, the deuce, Old Nick, Harry, Gentleman, adversary

лукавий, нечистий, злий дух, дух тьми, чорна сила

2. moral

to die = to join the majority, to pass away, to breathe one's last, to go West спочити,відійти у кращий (потойбічний) світ, преставитись, піти до праотців

dead = late, deceased, departed

We were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. (Ch. Dickens)

брати те, що погано лежить

зелений змій

3.medical

mental hospital =

cuckoo =

жовтий дім =

дихати на ладан =

4. political

relocation centres -

incursion -

anti-personnel weapons -

conflict -

banana republic -

Politically correct language

hair disadvantaged

economically disadvantaged

incomplete success

person of differing sobriety

vertically challenged

person with an alternative body image

fire-fighter

floor technician

great figures in history

is used to:

-to soften the reader’s perception of events

-to cover up what the real situation is

disphemisms - conspicuously rough, rude and impolite phrases or words

to kick the bucket

krauthead =

будка, пика, рило =

• b. metaphorical group

Metaphor - transfer of meaning on the basis of similarity/ likeness of two objects

a will of granite

The wide curving street dozed peacefully in the sun. (R. Chandler)

mapping of two different conceptual domains = two layers of meaning are conveyed at the same time

- the target domain = the tenor / topic

- the source domain - the vehicle / object of nomination

Her eyes were lumps of ice.

The war erupts on new front.